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| An approach to psychology that features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors |
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- Psychologist after Watson, expanded on the theory of Behaviorism
- Operant Conditioning: response of individual "operates" on the environment
- Skinner Boxes--> pigeons and rats to complex human behaviors
- "Reward and Punishment
- Stimulus--> response
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| The psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior and their underlying biological processes including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy and psychology; also known as behavioral neruoscience |
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| The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define and treat abnormal behaviors |
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| A combination of cognitive reconstructuring with behavior treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological disorders |
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| The practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people. |
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| The psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan |
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| The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction. |
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- Physician in neurology
- Psychodynamic Theory: role of unconcious
- Mind in 3 parts: Id (inborn) Ego (self) Superego (conscious)
- Psychoanalysis- mental disorders
- No real experimentation
- Founded study of personality in psychology
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| An approach to psychology that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival |
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An approach to psychology that saw experience as different than the sum of its elements; founded by Max Wertheimer
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- Physics of sound and color
- Tricolory Theory of Vision: red, green, blue cones
- First measured nerve conduction speed
- Test: Push button when felt a touch different at thigh than at toes
- Wundt was his assistant
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| A therapy approach to psychology that saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve |
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| An approach to psychology that investigates variations in behavior from on person to the next |
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| Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings and behavior |
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- Influenced by Pavlov, youngest Ph. D
- Founded Behaviorism school of Psychology
- Product--> appealing image--> adds
- Observable behavior
- Relationship between environmetal cues and behavior
- "Take a baby and turn it into a doctor"
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- Memory and location of function
- Use of brain lesions in the cortex to examin localization of higher congnitive funcitons
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- Hierarchy of Needs
- Self actualization--> main goal with motivation
- Esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological
- What makes a person "good" ?
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| The brain and its activities, inluding thought, emotion, and behavior |
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- Discovered "conditioned relex"
- Studying digestion--> dog's saliva means food
- Published classical conditoning
- Stimulus--> response
- Won nobel prize for medicine
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| An indiviudal's characteristic way of thinking, feeling and behaving |
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| The discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge |
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| Any science that studies nonliving matter, including, physics, chemisty, astronomy, and geology |
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- Developmental Psychology
- Zoologist, observed his own children to develope stages of Human Intellectual Development
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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| The psychological perspectivethat examines the effects of the social environment on the behavior of individuals |
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- Social Psychology
- Studied nature of compliance to people in authority
- found people following others even if they know what they are doing is wrong
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| An approach in which the mind is broken into the smalles elements of mental experience |
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- Cognitive Psychology
- contributed to the term congnition
- Thinking, reasoning, problem solving using math and computers
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- Wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology
- Opened a lab at Harvard for demonstartions, not research
- Coined the Stream of Consciousness
- Founded functionalism
- Evolutionary Psychology
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- Known as the first psychologist
- Conducted the first documented psychological experiement of the dropping the ball
- Introspection: psycholog is the study of conciousness
- Structualism: analyzes the elements of consciousness
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| A change due to natural selection |
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| One of the several different versions of a gene, as in blood type |
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| Sacrifice of one's self for the benefit of another individual |
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| The scientific study field that attempts to identify and understand links between genetics and behavior |
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| An in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people |
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| Variables that are irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested that can alter a researcher's conclusion |
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| A group that experiences all experimental procedures with the exception of exposure to the independent variable |
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| A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables |
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| The ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently |
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| An experimental design forassessing age-related changesin which data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages |
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| The practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people. |
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| A measure that deomonstrates the effects of an independent variable; the result part of a hypothesis |
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| Research method designed for making careful, systematic observations |
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| Statistical methods that organize data into meaninful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value |
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| Descent with modification from a common ancestor |
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| The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contribution to survival and reproduciton |
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| A characteristic of a scientific hypothesis meaning that situations in which the hypothesis might be false can be imagined |
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| Change in a population's genes from one generation to the next due to chance or accident |
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| An experimental variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter |
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| An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period |
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| Mixed longitudinal design |
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| A method for assessing age-related changes that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches observing a cross-section of participants over a shorter period than is used typically in longitudinal studies |
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| The contributions of heredity to our physical structure and behaviors |
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| Defining variables in practical terms |
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| The process of having other experts examine research prior to its publication. |
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| An inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment |
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| Help you provide another person when you expect the person to return the favor in the future |
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| The probability that two people share the same allele from a common ancestor |
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| The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, ect. |
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| A measure of how tighly clustered a group of scores is around their mean |
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| A standard for deciding whether an observed result is due to chance |
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| A descriptive method in which participants are asked the same questions |
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| A feature of a hypothesis that means it can be evaluated using known scientific methods |
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| A set of facts and relationships betwen facts that can explain and predict related phenomena |
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| A variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest |
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| A quality of a measure that leads to valid conclusions (ie. the measure measures the concept it was designed to measure) |
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| In statistics, the extent to which scores differ from one another or from their mean; often measured using the standard deviation |
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| The electrical signal arising in a neuron's axon |
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| The branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting information to other neurons; myelinated and unmyelinated axons |
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| A special channel in the membrane of a neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters released by other neurons |
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| A point of communication between two neurons |
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| A branch from the neural cell body that usually recieves input from other neurons |
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| A glial cell resembling an astrocyte but smaller with few and slender processes having few branches; concerned with the production of myelin in the CNS |
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| In a neuron store various neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse |
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| A chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse; bind to receptors on the cell membrane |
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| The measure of the electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing information |
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| The minimum amount of stimulation needed to start a neural impulse |
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| A loss of polarity making it more positive; result in an action potential |
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| A process in which molecules of neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap are returned to the axon terminal from which they were released |
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| Carry information from the external environment or from the body to the CNS |
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| Carry comands from the CNS back to the muslces and glands of the body |
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| A long cylinder of neural tissue extending from the medulla of the brain down to the middle of the back; part of the CNS |
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| "gateway to the cortex"; involved wih memory and states of consciousness |
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| The lobe of the cerebral cortex located at the back of the brain; location of primary visual cortex |
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| The lobe of the cerebral cortex that curves around the side of each hemisphere; location of primary auditory cortex |
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| The lobe of the cerebral cortex that lies at the top of the head between the frontal and occipital lobes; location of primary somatosensory cortex |
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| The most forward of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; location of primary motor cortex and areas responsible for some of the most complex cognitive processes |
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| A whitish bundle of fibers that transmit impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs |
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| The insulating material covering some axons |
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| A constriction in the myelin sheath, occuring at varying intervals along the length of a nerve fiber |
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| A neurotransmitter found in the synapse at which the nervous system commands muscles; related to learning and memory--> Alzheimer's disease; nicotine |
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| released in the brain and leads to arousal and visualance; disturbances cause bipolard disorder and PTSD |
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| A neurotransmitter involved with systems that govern movement, planning, and reward; when dopamine disturbed--> Parkinson's disease |
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| Regulating sleep, appetite and mood; people who are depressed lack serotonin--> causes LSD |
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- Santiago Ramon y Cajal proposed that the neuron is an independent anatomical unit
- Neurons don't touch eachother
- lead to the discovery of a synapse
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· Italian physician/ scientist
· Discovered a specific stain for neurons
· Discovered “golgi” bodies in cells, which are the structures that package proteins for transport
· Theorized that neurons were physically connected
· Awarded Nobel prize for medicine in 1906 with Ramon Y Cajal
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· Spanish neuroanatomist
· Used the golgi stain to discover spines in 1888
· Described different types of neurons in the CNS and speculated on their function
· Proposed the Neuron Doctrine, which went against the dominant idea- Golgi’s Reticular Theory
· Shared the Nobel Prize with Golgi in 1906
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| The most forward part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex |
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| A subcortical structure that participates in memory |
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| A subcortical structure located in the temporal lobe beleived to participate in emotional processing; uses visual info to make quick emotional judgements; monkeys without Amygdala don't show fear |
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| A structure attached to the brainstem that participated in skilled movement and in humans complex cognitive processing |
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| A part of the brainstem located between the medulla and midbrain; sleep, arousal and facial expressions |
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| contains large bundles of axons; heart rate and blood pressure--> survival |
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| collection of large structures involved with voluntary movement that curve around the thalamus, sends information to the cortex--> degeneration can cause Parkinson's disease |
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| Caused by degeneration of the basal ganglia; disorder of the brain leads to tremors and difficulty with walking, movement |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal |
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| The inside is negatively charged and the outside is positive; the measure of the electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing information |
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| Collection of structures involved with motivation and homeostasis such as thirst, hunger, temperature ect. |
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| The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected |
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| Membrane in the cochlea on which the organ of corti is located |
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| A depth cue that requires the use of both eyes |
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| Perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions |
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| The strucutre in the middle ear that contains auditory receptors that respond to vibrations transmitted in the inner ear |
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| Receptible to bright light, sharp images and color |
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| The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina |
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| The ability to use the two-dimensional image projected on the retina to percieve three dimensions |
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| A hypothetical cell that responds to only one specific visual stimulus |
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| An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision |
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| The theory that suggests that input from touch fibers competes with inout from pain receptors, possibly preventing pain messages from reaching the brain |
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| There are many more rods than cones; more sensitive to light and can just see dim light, not clar or sharp images |
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| Requires both eyes--> binocular cue, the difference between the images projected onto each eye |
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| Our sense of hearing, important in our ability to communicate |
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| Nerve pathways traveling from the optic chiasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain |
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| The system in the inner ear that provides information about body position and movement; has sensitive hairs that are bent back and forth within their surrounding fluid |
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