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Criticisms
- theory cannot be tested
- too many emphasis on early experiences
- too much faith on unconscious mind's control
- too much rmphasis on sexual instincts
Contributions
- importantance of childhood experience
- development proceeds in stages
- role of unconscious processes
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contributions
- focuses on interactions of individuals with their environment
- suggests people can control their enviroment
- research support
Criticisms
- too concerned with change and the situation
- ignores the role of biology
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Contributions
- traits infulence health, cognitions, career, success, and interpersonal relations
Criticisms
- ignores the role of the situation in behavior
- ignores nuances of an individual's personality
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Contributions
- Self-perception is key to personality
- Considerthe positive aspects of human nature
- Emphasize conscious experience
Criticisms
- Too optimistic about human nature
- Promotes self-love and narcissism
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Oral Stage: 0-18 months, everything goes in their mouths
Anal Stage: 18-36 months, function of eliminative function
Phallic stage:3-6 yrs., Childs focuses on the genitals, Oedipal complex
Latency stage:6 yrs- puberty, psychic "time out" Intrest in sexuality is repressed.
Genital Stage: Adolescence & adulthood: Sexual reawaking, source of sexual pleasure is someone else |
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- deals with the demands of reality
- reality principle
- balance
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- instincts and reservior of psychic energy
- pleasure principle
- wants pleasure over pain (devil)
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- moral branch of personality, "conscience"
- doesn't develope until around age 4-5 (angle)
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- openness
- Conscientousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism (emotional instability)
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- Imaginative or pratical
- interested in variety or routine
- independent or conforming
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- Organized or disorganized
- careful or careless
- Disciplined or impulsive
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- Sociable or retiring
- Fun-loving or somber
- Engergetic or reserved
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- Softhearted or ruthless
- Trusting or Suspicious
- Helpful or uncooperative
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| belief one can master a situation and produce positive charge |
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| Behavior, environmeant, and cognitive factors, interact to create personality |
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| Behavior and personality vary considerably across contex |
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| If the kids could hold on for a few mins. they would get a second marshmallow or they could eat the marshmallow and not get a second one |
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| The motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being- the highest and most elusive of Maslow's proposed needs |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| Construct referring to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively reguardless of his or her behavior |
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| conditional positive regard |
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| acceptance and caring given to a person only for meeting certain standards of behaviour. |
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is an individual who is continually moving toward self-actualization.
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| Causes of anxiety/ maladaptive behavior |
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Conflict between the id, ego, and superego,
Maladaptive:refer to types of behaviors that inhibit a person’s ability to adjust to particular situations. |
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- Outgoing social, dominant
- below optimal level
- seeking out distractions
- spending time with friends
- listening to lound music
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- Quiet, reserved, passive
- above optimal level
- keeping distractions to a minimun
- being alone
- Reading quietly
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| Genetic determinants of personality |
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| environmental determinants |
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| Self report measures of personality |
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| whether specific items describe their personality traits. they are only called for social desirability, and are not very narrow in the question asking. |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personlity Inventory self-report personality test. |
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| Projective measures of personality |
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| personality assessment test that presents individulas with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it, to project their own meaning onto the stimulus |
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| Factor influencing attractiveness and likeability |
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| if you are attactive the more likeable you are, and it can help you with jobs,skills socially, friendly, better adjusted |
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| a generalization about a group's characterstics that doesn't consider any variations from one individual to another. |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| ways to decrease Prejudice |
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- Calm or anxious
- Secure or insecure
- Self-satisfied or self-pitying
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