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| Maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely upon genetic inheritance (human traits are inherited) |
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| Theory of evolution, survival-of-the-fittest, origin of species |
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| introspection-psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science) Known as "Father of Psychology" |
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| Founder of behaviorism-did the study of generalization |
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| Watson's study on the generalization of fear. conditioning subject to be afraid |
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| Neo Freudian; believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation |
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| People have conscious and unconscious awareness-two layers of unconscious archetypes-personal/collective |
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| Three levels of traits: 1. Cardinal trait dominates/characterizes your life, 2. Central trait is one common to all people, 3. Secondary trait surfaces in some situations and not others |
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| Rational Emotive Therapy-focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions |
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| Hierarchy of Needs-Needs at the lower level dominate attention until they are satisfied; once fulfilled, needs higher up may be worked toward satisfaction |
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| Humanistic psychology-theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth |
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| Operant conditioning-techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior. Skinner Box. |
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| Disagreed with Skinner and believed that there are an infinite number of sentences in a language. Humans have inborn ability to develop language. |
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| Four-stage theory of cognitive development. 1. Sensorimotor, 2. Preoperational, 3. Concrete operational, 4. Formal operational. Two basic processes that work toward achieving cognitive growth: assimilation and accomodation |
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| People evolve through 8 stages over the life span. Each stage marked by a psychological crisis in answering the question "who am I?" |
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| 3 levels of moral reasoning: Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional |
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| Believed Kohlberg had overlooked differences between men and women because his studies involved only observing boys |
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| First person to have a frontal lobotomy; gave psychology information on the emotion centers of the brain |
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| Personality determined by genes. Extroversion/introversion |
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| To experience emotions, one must 1. be physically aroused and 2. must cognitively label arousal (know the emotion before you experience it) |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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| Hypothesized that language determines the way we think |
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| Triarchic theory of intelligence 1. academic-problem solving intelligence 2. practical intelligence 3. creative intelligence |
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| Theory of multiple intelligences |
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| Observational learning-allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and experiences of others. Experimented with adults punching BoBo dolls and observed children who viewed the behavior exhibit the same behavior |
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| Law of Effect-(relationship between a behavior and its consequence) the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely, whereas behavior followed by negative consequences becomes less likely |
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| General I.Q. tests. Designed a test that would identify slow learners in need of remedial help. |
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| Revised Binet's I.Q. tests and established norms for American children |
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| Established an intelligence test particularly for adults. Became the WAIS-The Weschler Intelligence Test for Adults |
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| Specific mental talents are highly correlated. Concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g", for general ability |
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| Developed one of the first projective tests known as the Inkblot test. |
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| Stanford Prison Experiment; the power of social roles in influencing people's behavior |
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| Mental hospital experiment to test how a diagnosis affects a person's treatment by others and their personal behavior. Proved that mental hospital care is not very good. |
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| Studied conformity; his experiment involved observing if a subject would or would not conform to a popularly-given but obviously wrong answer. |
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| Obedience; teacher-student shock experiment |
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| Studied productivity under different leadership styles. He tested children's productivity under autocratic, laizssez-faire, and democratic rule. As he predicted, democratic rule proved the most productive. |
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| Theory of attachment; studied infant Rhesus monkeys |
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| Theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are genetically endowed. Endomorphic (large), Mesomorphic (average), and Ectomorphic (skinny) |
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| Psychoanalytical theory focusing on the unconscious; Id, Superego and Ego |
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| Critical of Freud. She believed that personality is continuously molded by current fears and impulses, rather than childhood experiences and instincts |
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| Learned helplessness is the giving up reaction, the quitting response that follows from believing that whatever you do does not matter. |
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| First to conduct scientific studies on forgetting; first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss |
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| Studied activities of neurons in the visual cortex |
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| Young-Helmholtz-Trichromatic theory of color vision |
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| three types of color receptors in the eyes |
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| The goal of all behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state; mechanism through which reinforcement operates |
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| Believed gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole cause of hunger; performed experiments by putting balloons in subjects' stomachs |
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| Left frontal lobe that directs muscle movement involved in speech. Person with damage in this area makes sense but has difficulty speaking. |
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| An area in the left frontal lobe involved in language comprehension. Person with damage in this area uses correct words by they make no sense. |
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| First study on JND-Just Noticeable Difference. His law states that the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli. |
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| States that subjective sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity. |
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| Terminally-ill patients pass through 5 stages: Denial, Anger/Resentment, Bargaining with God, Depression, Acceptance |
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| Developed a theory of personality called Personology, based on "need" and "press"; co-developed the TAT: Thematic Appreciation Test (asks subject to make up a story based on an ambiguous picture) |
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| Developed the scoring system for the TAT |
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| Theory that facial expressions are universal |
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