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| Cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information in the nervous system. Functional basis for all psychological activity |
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| consists of brain and spinal cord. |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| Consists of all other nerve cells in the rest of the body |
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| detect information from the physical world and pass the information along to the brain. |
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| sensory nerves that provide provide information from the skin and muscles |
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| these direct muscles to contract or relax. Transmit signals from the brain to the muscles throughout the body |
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| branchlike extensions of the neuron that detect info from other neurons |
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| site in the neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated |
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| A long narrow outgrowth of a neuron by which information is transmitted to other neurons |
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| Small nodules at the ends of axons that release chemical signals from the neuron into the synapse. |
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| The site at which chemical communication occurs between neurons |
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| the gap between the axon of a "sending" neuron and the dendrites of a "receiving" neuron, it contains extracellular fluid |
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| a fatty material, made up of glial cells that insulates the axon and allows for the rapid movement of electrical impulses along the axon |
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| small gaps of exposed axon, between the segments of myelin sheath, where action potentials are transmitted |
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| Located in the nodes of ranvier. Allow ions to pass in and out |
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| resting membrane potential |
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| The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active |
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| When the electrical charge inside a neuron is different from the electrical charge outside the neuron |
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| pump works to increase potassium and decrease sodium, inside the neuron |
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| AKA neural firing, the electrical signal that passes along the axon and causes the release of chemicals that transmit signals to other neurons |
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| depolarize the cell membrane |
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| increase polarization (hyperpolarize it) |
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| When a neuron fires, the cell membranes depolarization moves along the axon like a wave. |
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| dictates that a neuron fires with the same potency each time |
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| neuron that sends the signal |
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| The neuron that receives the signal |
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| chemical substances that carry signals across the synaptic cleft |
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| specialized protein molecules located on the postsynaptic membrane that specifically respond to the chemical structure of the neurotransmitter available in the synapse. |
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| occurs when the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons |
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| occurs when an enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft |
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| monitor how much neurotransmitter has been released into the synaptic cleft |
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| drugs and toxins that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters |
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| drugs inhibiting actions of neurotransmitters |
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| responsible for motor control and the junction between nerves and muscles. Also involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. |
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| monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for bursts of energy after an event that is exciting or threatening. |
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| a monoamine neurotransmitter involved in states of awareness and arousal |
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| A momoamine neurotransmitter important for a wide range of psychological activity, including emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming. |
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| a monoamine neurotransmitter involved in motivation, eward, and motor control over voluntary movement. |
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| involves surgically implanting electrodes in the brain, then using mild electric stimulation. |
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| gamma-aminobutyric acid, the primary inhibitory transmitter in the nervous system |
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| primary excitatory transmitter in the nervous system |
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| neurotransmitters involved in natural pain reduction and reward |
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| a neurotransmitter involved in pain perception |
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| practice of assessing personality traits and mental abilities by measuring bumps on the human skull. |
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| left frontal region, crucial for production of language |
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| gray matter and white matter |
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| Three parts of the brain stem |
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| midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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| controls basic functions. Such as heart rate, swallowing, breathing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm. |
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| network of neurons in the brain stem |
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| outer portion of the brain that affects alertness. site of all thoughts, detailed perceptions, and complex behaviors. |
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| Brains master regulatory structure. affects vital organ functions, blood pressure, body rhythms,etc |
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| gateway to the cortex: it receives almost all incoming sensory information, organizes it, and relays it to the cortex. |
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| important role in the storage of new memories |
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| located in front of the hippocampus. serves a vital role in our learning to associate things in the world with emotional responses. |
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| system of subcortical structures crucial for planning and producing movement. |
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| important for reward and motivating behavior |
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| outer layer of cerebral hemisphere and gives the brain its distinct wrinkled appearance. |
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| back portion of the head. Devoted almost exclusively to vision. |
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| major destination for visual information |
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| primary somasensory cortex |
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| strip in the front part of parietal lobe. groups nearby sensations. |
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| neurological disorder resulting from damage to the right parietal region. Only see images on the right. |
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| hold the primary auditory cortex; the region responsible for hearing. Also, in the temporal lobe are regions that allow you to see detailed objects such as faces. |
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| at the intersection of the occipital lobe. This section becomes more active while looking at faces |
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| essential for planning and movement |
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| rearmost portion of frontal lobe. |
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| occupies 30% of the brain. |
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| regulates bodys internal enviornment by stimulating glands and maintaining internal organs |
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| transmits sensory signals to the central nervou |
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| a division of the autonomic nervous system, prepares the body for action |
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| a division of the autonomic nervous system, it returns the body to resting state |
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| a communication system that uses hormones to influence thoughts, behaviors, and actions. |
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| chemical substances released from endocrine glands that travels through the blood stream to targeted tissues, the tissues are subsequently influenced by hormones |
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| main endocrine gland involved in sexual behavior. testes in males, ovaries in females. |
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| gland located at the base of the hypothalmus, it sends hormonal signals to the other endocrine glands. controlling their release of hormones. |
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| structures within the cell bod that are made up of DNA |
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| units of heredity that help determine characteristics of an organism |
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| a gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present |
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| a gene that is expressed only when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent |
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| the genetic constitution of an organism, determined at the moment of conception |
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| observable physical characteristics. Which result from both genetic and environmental influences. |
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| when a population display a range of variability for a certain characteristic |
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| the egg and the sperm cells |
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| the chromosomes duplicate, then the cell divides into two new cells with identical structure. |
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| error in cell division lead to these. |
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| the study of how genes and environments interact to influence psychological activity |
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| also called identical twins, twin siblings that result from one zygote spitting in two and therefore share the same genes |
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| fraternal twins, twins that result from two separately fertilized eggs and therefore are no more similar geneticlly |
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| a statistical estimate of the extent to which variation in a trait within a population is due to genetic factors. |
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| a property of the brain that allows it to change as a result of experience, drugs, or injury. |
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| sex differences in anatomy |
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| surgical removal of an entire hemisphere |
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