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| Neurotransmitter responsible for motor control (btwn nerves and muscles); involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleep, and dreaming |
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| The neural impulse that passes along the axon and subsequently causes the realease of chemicals from the terminal buttons |
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Any drug that enhances the actions of a specific nuerotransmitter
ex. cocaine = dopamine and seratonine spike |
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| Brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate things with emotional responses and processing emotional information |
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Any drugs that inhibits the action of a specific neurotransmitter
Ex: pot= short term memory difficulties |
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| A communication system that uses hormones to influence thought, behaviors, and actions |
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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| Major component of Peripheral nervous system (PNS), regulates the body's internal enviornment by stimulating glands and by maintaining internal organs such as the heart, gall badder, and stomach |
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| A long narrow outgrowth of a nueron by which information is transmitted to other nuerons |
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| A system of subcortical structures that are important for the initiation of planned movement |
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| A neurotransmitter involved in natural pain reduction and reward |
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A section of the bottom of the brian, housing the most basic programs of survival, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm.
( Contains Medulla Oblangotta, Pons, and Midbrian) |
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Dominated by nueron's cell bodies
( occurs in female brian more than males) |
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| the neurotransmitter responsible for adrenaline rushes |
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axons and Mylen sheath
(more in male brain that female) |
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| The left frontal area of the brain, crucial for the production of language |
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| The region at the front of the cerebral cortex concerned with planning and movement |
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| In the nueron, where information from thousand of other nuerons is collected and processed |
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| Stuctures within the cell body that are made up on genes |
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| A large , convoluted protubence at the back of the brainstem, essential for coordinated movement and balance |
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The outer layer of the brain tissue, which forms the surface of the brain; site of all which makes us human
thoughts, detailed perception, and conicous
Made up of four lobes:
Occipital,parietal,Frontal, and Temporal |
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| Structures in the cell body which are made up of genes |
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GABA
(gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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| The primary inhibitory transmitter in the nervous system |
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| Branchlike extentions of the neurons that detect information from other neurons |
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| Twin siblings who result from two separately fertilized eggs (Fraternal twins) |
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A gene that is expressed in offspring whenever it is present
gene A is dominent
gene A(hairy toes)+ gene B(not hairy toes)= phenotype of gene A(hairytoes) |
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The unit of heredity that determines a particular characteristic in an organism
gene A= hairy toes
gene B = big nose |
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| the genetic constitution determined at the moment of conception |
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| A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in reward motivation, and motor control |
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| The primary excitatory transmitter in the nervous system |
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| The main endocrine glands invovled in sexual behavior Males have testies Females have ovaries |
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| A statistical estimate of the variation, caused by differences in heredity, of a trait within a population |
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| Chemical substances, typically released form endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream to targeted tissue, which are subsequently influenced by hormones |
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A small brain structure that is vital for temperature regulation, emotion, sexual behavior, and motivation (influences almost everywhere)
Horney, Happy,Motivated,( and WarM)
HypotHalaM(W)us |
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Internuerons
the neuron click |
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| One of the tree types of neurons, these nuerons communicate only with other neurons, typically in a specific brain region |
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| Twin siblings who result from one zygote splitting in two and therefore share the same genes (Identical twins) |
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| One of the three types of neurons, these efferent neurons neurons direct muscles to contract or relax, thereby producing movement |
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| A fatty material, made up of glial cells, that insulate the axon and allows for the rapid movement of electrical impulses along the axon |
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| The basic unit of the nervous system, operates though electrical impulses, which communicates with other neurons though chemical signals. Neurons receive, integrate, and transmit information though the nervous system |
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| A chemical substance that carries signals from one neuron to another |
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| Small gaps of exposed axon, between the segments of myelin sheath, where action potentials are transmitted |
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| the neurotransmitter involved in states of arousal and awareness |
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| A region of the cerebral cortex, at the back of the brain, important for vision |
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| Parasymathetic division of ANS |
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A division of the autonomic nervous system; it returns the body to its resting state
= there was danger, now there isn't, body relaxes |
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| A region of the cerebral cortex, in front of the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe, important to the sense of touch and spatial layout of enviornment |
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| A neurological disorder that is caused by depletion of dopamine: muscular rigitity, tremors, and difficulty initiating voluntary action |
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| Observable physical characteristics that result from both genetic and environmental influences |
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| Located at the base of the hypothalamus, the glad that sends hormonal signals controlling the release from endocrine glands |
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| A property of the brain that allows it to change as a result of experience, injury, or drugs |
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A region of the frontal lobes, promanant in humans, important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality
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| In neurons, specialized protein molecules, on the postsynaptic membrane, that neurotransmitters bind to after passing across the synaptic cleft |
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| A gene that is only expressed when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent |
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| Resting Membrane Potential |
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| The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active |
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| The process whereby a nuerotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons, thereby stopping activity |
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One of the three types of neurons, these afferent neurons detect information from the physical world and pass that information along to the brain
= the five senses are passed to brain via sensory nuerons
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| A monoamine neurotransmitter important for a wide range of psychological activity, including emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming |
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| A monoamine neurotransmitter important for a wide range of psychological activity, including emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming |
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A major component of the peripheral nervous system; it transmits sensory signals to the CNS via nerves |
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| A neurotransmitter involved in pain perception |
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| Sympathetic Division of ANS |
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A division of the Autonomic nervous system, that prepares the body for action
ex. Sense of danger leads to epinepherine release body prepares for flight or fight automatically
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| The site for chemical communication between neurons, which contains extracellular fluid |
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| Cross sensory experience (in which, e.g. visual image has taste) 2 tastes like strawberries |
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| The lower region of the cerebral cortex, important for processing auditory information and for memory |
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| The gateway to the brain, it recieves almost all incoming sensory information before that information reaches the cortex |
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