1.) Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

• Generalized Anxiety
• Panic Disorders
• Phobias
• Obsessive-Complusive Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Understanding Anxiety Disorders

1). An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

1). An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

2). Anxiety occurs more in the panic disorder, making people who have it avoid situations that cause it.

1). An anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

1). An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

2). Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.

1). Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

• Conversion Disoder
• Hypochondriasis

1). A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

1). A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

1). Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

2). Symptoms: having a sense of being unreal, being separateed from the body, watching yourself as if in a movie.

• Dissociative Identity Disorder

1). A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Fomerly called multiple personality disorder.

1). Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

2). Genetic Influences: Mood disoders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in idential (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).

3). A theory of depression (a mood disorder) should explain the follwing: a). Behavioral and cognitive changes, b). Common causes of depression

• Major Depressive Disorder
• Mania
• Bipolar Disorder

1). A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, lethary/fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, diminished interest in family and friends or pleasure in most activities.

2). Depression is considered the "common cold"; blue mood. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide.

1). A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

1). A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lathargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Formerly called manic-depression disorder.

2). Depressive Symptoms: gloomy, withdrawn, inability to make decisions, tired, slowness of thought

Manic Symptoms: elation, euphoria, desire for action hyperactive, multiple ideas

1). A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriat emotions as well as actions.

2). (a) Chronic - When schizophrenia is slow to develop recovery is doubtful. Usually display negative symptoms - Toneless voice, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies. The absence of appropriate behavior. (b) Acute - When schizophrenia rapidly develops recovery is better. Usually display positive symptoms - Hallucinations, talk in disorganized/deluded ways; exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage. The presence of inappropriate behavior.

3). Schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors-Dopamine Overactivity.

1). Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

• Antisocial Personality Disorder

1). A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

1). Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions.

• Deviant behavior in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest.
•  Deviant behavior must accompany distress.
• If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder.

1. Trephination
2. Exorcism
3. being caged like animals
4. being beaten
5. burned
6. castrated
7. mutilated
8. transfused with animal's blood

When physicins discovered that syphilis led to mental disorder, they started using medical models to review physical causes of disorders.

1).The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

2). Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, had insisted that madness was not due to demonic posession, but an ailment of the mind.

1). Cause and development of the disorder.

1). Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.

1). Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital.

1). Forecast about the disorder.

1). the APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; it's a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

• Clinical Syndrom - Cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders (16 syndroms) present?
• Personality Diosrder or Mental Retardation
• General Medical Condition - Diabetes, hypertension or arthiritis, etc. also present?
• Psychological or Environmental Problems - School or housing issues also present?
• Global Assessment of the person's functioning?

Goals: To describe 400 disorders and determine how prevalent the disorder is.

1). Phobia of open places.

1). Phobia of heights.

1). Phobia of closed spaces

1). Phobia of blood.