1.  Comprehension- how people understand spoken and written lang., includes: speech perception, lexical access, sentence processing and discourse
2. Speech Production- how people produce lang.
3. Acquistion- how people learn lang.

investigates the anaomical and physiological issues surrounding lang. behaviors

• a rule-governed system of behavior
• characterized by its hierarchical structure
• expresses full range of speakers' experiences

speech is the manifestation of language

Is linguistics descriptive or prescriptive?

• descriptive
• attempts to account for what we say and what we find acceptable or poorly formed rather than to form lang. rules that we must live by

• study of sounds of a language
• specific sequences depending on the language

content words vs. function words

• content- identify and describe
• function- are the glue that holds the sentece together

1. understand the speech sounds
2. recognize the words and their meanings
3. understand the words in grammatical structure to derive the meaning
4. interpret the message

Why is phonology important in the area of psycholinguistics?

1. because the speaker has to recognize the sounds are in the language
2. because the speaker has to understand which combos of sounds are permissible

words that function as a unit to build a sentece

important to understanding and using sentences

Syntactic Theorys in the 1960's

Noam Chomsky!

• put forth a theory that knowledge of grammar was from an abstract sys. of rules and priniciple that consist of a speaker's grammatical competence
• which was termed Transformative Generative Grammar (TG)
  • phrase structure-allows speaker to generate specific, basic sentences
  • transformational- what happens in the deep structure to produce the final product

Transformative Generative Grammar or Standard Theory

grammar consists of two types of rules

• phrase structure-allows speaker to generate specific, basic sentences
• transformational- what happens in the deep structure to produce the final product

• Psych.- the psychology of lang., concerned w/discovering the psychological processes by which humans acquire and use lang.

• Neuro- investigates the anatomical and physiological correlates of lang. behaviors

• can create prototypes in our brain so that we can identify sounds and create words
• also to know which sounds are native to the lang. and which sounds should be ignored

• content- are words that have value and meaning
• function words are the glue that holds sentences together

Your textbook said that the rules of a lang. must be learnable and universal.  What does this mean?

If someone was diagnosed with alexia, what would the result be for that person?

• Broca- nonfluent, agrammatic, halting speech
• Wernicke's- fluent, discernable grammatic structure, doesn't make sense

Dr. Sickman's grandma had difficulty with the auditory nerve.  What might her grandma have difficulty doing?

• coarticulation
• age and gender
• speaking rate

1. hypokenesia- not enough movement (parkinson's)
2. hyperkenesis- too much movement (huntington's corea)
3. tremor at rest

breakdown in movement coordination caused by damage to the cerebellum

1. basal ganglia

2. brain stem

3. PNS

Each control what?

1. movement
2. controls the functioning of the heart and lungs
3. those components of the nervous sys. that lie outside of the bony coverings of the central nervous system

Neuroanatomy

What is the cranium, meninges, weight of the brain?

1. the bony structure that houses CNS, your skull
2. three layer of membranes that surrounds the brain
3. 3.5 lbs., uses 1/5 of the body's blood supply

V: trigeminal- motor and sensation for portions of jaw and face

VII: facial- motor and sensation for portions of face (articulation and facial expression)

VII: auditory

X: vagus- laryngeal functioning

XII: hypoglossal- tongue movement for articulation

• white- the nerves that connect gray matter together
• gray- is where the processing actually occurs

• surgery to remove one entire hemisphere
• if the dominant hemisphere is removed, then the verbal output is severely affected (usually)
  • also seen in written output
  • comprehension is less involved

• no difficulties w/phonology, lexicon, or syntax
• difficulties with story event order, formulate moral of the story, drawing inferences from a story, ambiguous and metaphorical language; understanding prosodic cues in conversation, and literal interpreatations

• no conclusive evidence yet
• however, recovery from aphasia is better in women than in men
• Alzheimer's disease maybe manifested differently in men than in women

• printed words- Occiptical Lobe
• Hearing spoken words- Temporal lobe (Wernicke)
• Speaking words- motor areas

determining what sounds we hear

decoding

occurs rapidly, but a complex process

analyzes audio signals according to the distribution of sound freq. contained in the signal

• frequency on y-axis
• time x-axis
• amplitude byt he darkened markings

Do we identify and label phonetic segments

in terms of acousitcal properites?

• conversational speech is paced at around 125-180 per min.
  
  • process 25-30 phonetic segments per second.
  • is a continuous signal
• we perceive speech sounds in discrete segments

how is speech produced?

3 Major systems for speech production

1. the vocal tract
2. larynx
3. sub glottal sys.
   1. which includes the lungs and muscles need for inhalation and exhalation