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| When you're in danger, accelerated |
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| transmission of traits from parent to offspring based on genes |
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What is Genetics?
Behavioral Genetics? |
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Subfield of biology that studies heredity.
Focuses on individual differences. |
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Basic unit of heredity
structure within cell nucleus |
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What is genotype?
Phenotype?
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Individual genetic make-up (nature)
actual appearance, based on genotype and environment influences (nurture) |
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| genetic mutation, chromosomal abnormality |
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What happens is the Fetal Stage?
(8 weeks to birth) |
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size of fetus increases
brain development
some neurons die off |
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| simple, unlearned, stereotypical responses elicited by specific stimuli |
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| What is motor development? |
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| brain maturation and environmental factors |
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within days, infant can track moving light
2 month prefer human face as visual stimuli
newborns prefer mother's voice |
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| What is cognitive development? |
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| The way in which children mentally represent and think about the world |
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| "mental structure" in organizing knowledge |
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| respond to new stimuli through existing habit |
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| creating new ways of responding to objects |
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| Stage one of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory? |
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Object Permanence
(before six months does not mentally represent objects)
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| Stage two of Piaget's Cog. Deve.? |
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Pre-operational Stage
-using words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them
(Raining=sky's crying) |
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Concrete Operational Stage
-beginning of capacity for adult logic |
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Formal Operational Stage
-abstract thinking and understanding=adolescence
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| What stage of Piaget's is imaginary audience in? |
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| What are the Three Major Points of Attachment? |
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1. secure attachement
2. avoidance attachment
3. Ambivalent/avoidance attachment |
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| Four Types of Parenting Styles? |
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1. Authoritative=strict but warm
2. Authoritarian=strict, no explanation
3. Permissive=let their children do whatever, still warm
4. Uninvolved=not involved in any aspect, no warmth, no love |
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| First Stage of Psycho-Social Devel. by Erikson |
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Trust vs. Mistrust
trust that caregiver will provide |
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| What is the thing to remember about Erikson's Eight Stages? |
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Definition
| The person is supposed to come out of each stage well balanced individual or problems will arise later. |
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| Stage Two of Psycho-Social Devel. |
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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
-independence=pride in oneself b/c of parent's praise
opposite=parents put kid down |
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| Third Stage of Psycho-Social Devel. |
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Initiative vs. Guilt
-social learning=imitation "I can do it!"
-parents praise=pride
-parents scold=guilt, won't try again |
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| Fourth Stage of Psycho-Social Devel. |
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Industrious vs. Inferiority
-kid is on team, team wins, parent says "the team did well" when kid wants personal affirmation |
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| Fifth Stage if Psycho-Social Devel. |
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Ego Identity vs. Role Diffusion
-integrating different parts of who you are, shaping identity |
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| Sixth Stage of Psycho-Social Devel. |
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The Young Adult Stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation
-meaningful relationships, different types
-problems in trust vs. mistrust=isolations |
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Not in awareness, but readily available
(memory) |
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| Unavailable to awareness under most circumstances |
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Bodily processes that can not be experienced through sensory awareness
ex. growing hair/nails |
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Cycle that is connected with the 24 hour period of the earth's rotation
=cycle of wakefulness and sleep |
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| How are sleep stages recorded? |
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-Non-rapid eye movement sleep=first four stages
(1 is lightest, 4 is deepest)
-Rapid eye movement sleep=when what you learned in the day is solidified
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-Rejuvenates the body
-Helps us recover from stress
-Help us consolidate learning and memories
-May promote development of infant's brains |
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| Individuals deprived of REM sleep? |
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Definition
-they learn slower
-forget what they learn sooner |
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-cognitive activity that occurs while you are sleep
-most vivid during REM
-may dream in color or not
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| What stimulates responses that lead to dreaming? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine and the pons |
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| Activation Synthesis Model of Dreaming? |
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Definition
-Reticular activation system stimulates parts of the cortex involved in memory
-Cortex then synthesizes sources of stimulation into dreams |
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Altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though in a trance
CANNOT BE HYPNOTIZED AGAINST WILL |
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| What is transcendental meditation? |
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concentration on montras
relaxation response |
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| What is the difference between generalization and discrimination? |
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| ex. treating all dogs like they will bite you vs. hating every dog except yours |
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