Term
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Definition
Process of forming groups from large set of entities based on similarities & differences
All classifications are hypotheses about the IVs (IVs are the classification entities)
Classification evaluated on:
nReliability
nValidity
nCoverage
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Term
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Definition
-not the same as classification
-assigning entities to established classifications |
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Term
| LD classification occurs at multiple levels |
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Definition
nLD vs. typically achieving
nLD (unexpected) versus LA (expected) low achievement
nLD versus intellectual disability
nReading vs. math |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
Mental Retardation |
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Definition
oMental Retardation
nMild MR (IQ 50-70 or 75)
nModerate MR (IQ 35-54)
nSevere MR (IQ 25-34)
nProfound MR (IQ <20) |
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Term
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act
2004
Identification for Eligibility (types) |
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Definition
oAutism
oDeaf-Blindness
oDevelopmental Delays
oEmotional Disturbance (formerly Serious Emotional Disturbance)
oHearing Impairments (including deafness)
oVisual Impairments (including blindness)
oMental Retardation
oMultiple Disabilities
oOrthopedic Impairments
oOther Health Impairments
oSpecific Learning Disabilities* (more on this later)
oSpeech or Language Impairments
Traumatic Brain Injury |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
(LD) |
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Definition
oLearning Disorders (Below expectations based on age, IQ, & education)
nReading Disorder
nMathematics Disorder
nDisorders of Written Expression |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
(PDD) |
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Definition
oPervasive Developmental Disorders
nAutistic Disorder
nRett’s Disorder
nAsperger’s Disorder
nChildhood Disintegrative Disorder |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
Attention-Deficit & Disruptive Behavior Disorders |
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Definition
nAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
pPredominately Inattentive Type
pPredominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
pCombined Type
nConduct Disorder
pChildhood Onset Type
pAdolescent Onset Type
nOppositional Defiant Disorder |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
Communication Disorders
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Definition
nExpressive Language Disorder
nMixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
nPhonological Disorder
nStuttering |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
(Feeding and Eating Disorders) |
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Definition
nPica
nRumination Disorder
Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
Tic Disorders |
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Definition
nTourette’s Disorder
nChronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Transient Tic Disorder |
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
Elimination Disorders |
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Definition
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Term
Classification in Clinical Assessment
DSM-IV Approach
Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, & Adolescence |
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Definition
nSeparation Anxiety Disorder
nSelective Mutism
nReactive Attachment Disorder
nStereotypic Movement Disorder |
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Term
Special Education “Diagnostic” Practices
Route 1 |
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Definition
oRoute 1
nSensory, medical, or mental disabilities
nDiagnosed by physicians using medical histories, physical exams, & lab tests
nMost diagnosed at birth or shortly thereafter
nLittle disagreement among professionals about disability
-Down Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Tay Sachs, CHARGE Syndrome, Severe/Profound ID, Deaf, Blind |
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Term
Special Education “Diagnostic” Practices
Route 2 |
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Definition
oRoute 2
nInvisible or high-incidence (“mild”) disabilities
nSLD, MMR, SLI, ED
nGreat deal of diagnostic error (false positive/false negative)
nGreat deal of professional disagreement (IOA not so good) |
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Term
| Students Served (6-21 years) Under IDEA |
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Definition
SLD-52%
Speech/Lang. impairments-18.94%
MR-10.61%
ED-8.2%
First 4
account for
about 90%
of all
disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
nSLD means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, or do mathematical calculations. The term includes such conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. |
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Term
| SLD- the term does not include... |
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Definition
| The term does NOT include children who have problems which are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor handicaps, mental retardation, emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage |
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Term
Definition of SLD better at defining what it’s not that what it is: |
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Definition
pIt is not a sensory problem
pIt’s not mental retardation
pIt’s not emotional disturbance
pIt’s not being culturally, environmentally, or economically disadvantaged |
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Term
P.L. 94-142 Federal Regulations
(1977) |
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Definition
oInitially proposed formula defining severe discrepancy at or below 50% of expected achievement
oOverwhelming negative reaction to formula
o“A team may determine that a child has a SLD if the child does not achieve commensurate with his or her age and ability levels in one or more of the areas listed.”
oThis was an 11th hour compromise (2% cap threat)
oProcessing statutory definition & discrepancy operational definition |
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Term
| What Things Influenced Field of LD? |
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Definition
oKirk’s definition (1963)
oBateman’s definition (1965)
oElimination of Borderline MR category (AAMR, 1973 definition)
oIsle of Wight Studies (Rutter & Yule, 1975)
oSchools’ reluctance to use MR category for low achievers
nMR=Expected low achievers
nSLD=Unexpected low achievers
oState variability in SLD prevalence
nMA=10%; RI=9.6%; NJ=8.72%
nGA=3.28%; KY=3.54%; OH=4.41%
oWhy does SLD appear to be more common in Northeast than in Southeast?
oLarge differences in school-identified (SI) and research-identified (RI) samples
oBoys overrepresented in SI samples (4/1) but boys & girls equal in RI samples
oPrevalence rate of SLD increased by 300% in past 20 years |
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Term
| Note on Isle of Wight Studies |
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Definition
oRutter & Yule (1975) study provided basis of SLD discrepancy
oIdentified 2 types of underachievement
nGeneral reading backwardness (GRB) -nondiscrepant
nSpecific reading retardation (SRR)-discrepant
oSeemed to support discrepancy definition of SLD
oLater research not supportive of these studies
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Term
Eligibility Decision Matrix Under IDEIA
Disability Status |
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Definition
Present Absent
Special
Need
ELIGIBLE NOT ELIGIBLE
NO
Special
Need NOT ELIGIBLE NOT ELIGIBLE
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Term
Why IQ-Achievement is “Wait to Fail”
Developmental Odds of SLD in Schools |
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Definition
oGrade 1 (age 6) 37,369 (out of 328,674 of all disabilities)
oGrade 2 (age 7) More than doubles
oGrade 3 (age 8) Almost doubles again
oGrade 4 (age 9) Goes up 1.5 odds
oGrade 5 (age 10) Increases by 47,000 cases
oGrade 6 (age 11) Increases by 20,000 cases
oGrade 7 (age 12) Increases by 4,000 cases & peaks
oGrades 8-12: Declines each year
**SLD rate increases over 6 fold fromGrade 1 to Grade 4 |
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Term
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Definition
SLD means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, speak, think, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations. |
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Term
Bulletin 1508:
Learning problems not the result of: |
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Definition
nVisual, hearing, or motor disability
nMental disability
nEmotional disturbance
nCultural factors
nEnvironmental or economic disadvantage
nLimited English proficiency (LEP) |
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Term
Areas of Functioning
Does not meet grade level standards in: |
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Definition
oOral expression
oListening comprehension
oWritten expression
oBasic reading skills
oReading fluency skills
oReading comprehension
oMathematics calculation
oMathematics problem solving |
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Term
| RTI for intervention implementation |
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Definition
There shall be a comprehensive & documented review of evidence-based interventions conducted with fidelity and for the length of time necessary to obtain sufficient data to determine their effectiveness. Interventions shall be appropriate to the student’s age & academic skill deficits & shall address the areas of concern. |
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Term
| Classification in RTI Approach |
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Definition
Outcome Adequate Inadequate
Status Responder Responder
Eligibleor Falsepositive truepositive
needmore Sensitivity
intense
treatment
Ineligible Truenegative Falsenegative
Specificity
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