Human beings have a basic need to ____ with their environment and to _____ their existance.

A. Understand; improve

B. Explore; define

C. Cope; enhance

• Skin
• Mucous membranes
• Lung tissues
• Stomach acids
• Intestinal walls

True or False: "More drugs are under development for drug addictions than for mental health issues."

Any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

As the understanding of addictive brain processes increases, this definition might be expanded to include compulsive behaviors (e.g., gabling) that do the same. 

1. Opiates and Opioids: e.g., opium, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone.
2. Sedative-hypnotics: benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam and clonazepam), barbituates (e.g., butalbital), Z-hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem), and others
3. Alcohol: beer, wine, liquors
4. Others: Antihistamines, skeletal muscle relaxants, look-alike sedatives, and bromides.

Drugs with a high abuse potential and supposedly no accepted medical use. 

Includes: Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Peyote, Psilocybin, Mescaline, & MDMA.

Substances with a high abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence liability even though they have medical uses. 

Includes: Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Opium, Morphine, Hydromorphone, Codeine, Meperidine, Oxycodone, and Methylphenidate (Ritalin).

Substances with less abuse potential. This class includes Schedule II drugs when used in compounds with other drugs.  

Includes:  Tylenol with codeine, Some barbiturate compounds, and Paregoric.

Drugs that have even less abuse potential.

Include: Chloral hydrate, Meprobamate, Fendluramine, Diazepam (Valium), and the other benzodiazepines, and phenobarbital.

Substances with very low abuse potential because they contain very limited quantities of narcotic and stimulant drugs; some are sold OTC. 

Include: Robitussin AC (DXM) and Lomotil (these are two examples).

1. Inhalation
2. Injection
3. Mucous membrane absorption
4. Oral ingestion
5. Contact absorption

• Route of administration
• Speec of transit to the brain
• Rates of metabolism
• Process of elimination
• Affinity for nerve cells and neurotransmitters

How long does it take for a drug to reach the brain if it is injected?

How many ways can you inject a drug? What are they?

10-15sec.

Three:

1. Intravenously- (IV) directly into the bloodstream via vein
2. Intramuscularly- (IM) into a muscle mass.
3. Subcutaneously- under the skin.

The body's mechism for processing, using, and inactivating a foreign substance that has entered the body.

The area of the brain that encourages a human (or any mammal) to perform or repeat an action that promotes survival.

1. Dispositional Tolerance
2. Pharmacodynamic Tolerance
3. Behavioral Tolerance
4. Reverse Tolerance
5. Acute Tolerance (tachyphylaxis)
6. Select Tolerance
7. Inverse Tolerance (kindling)
8. Cross-Tolerance

Acute Tolerance

(Tachyphylaxis)

Inverse Tolerance

(Kindling)

Certain drugs change the body so much that tissues and organs become dependent on the drug simply to stay functional.

True or False?

"With Purpose"

A false portrayal of severe withdrawal symptoms by an addict to manipulate a physician or pharmacist into providing drugs to manage the symptoms.

Can also occur from a psychic conversion (emotional expectation of physical effects) reaction from the expectation of the withdrawal process.

Protracted Withdrawal

(Environmental Triggers & Cues)

A flashback or recurrence of the addiction withdrawal symptoms and a triggering of heaving craving for the drug after an addiction has be detoxified.

Often causes addicts to slip, or renew their drug use, ultimately leading to a full relapse.

Post-Acute Withdrawal Symptoms

(PAWS)

The persistence of subtle yet significant emotional and psychological problems that can last for three to six months into recovery and can trigger relapse. 

a. Symptoms

b. Cause 

1. Abstinence
2. Experimentation
3. Social/Recreational Use
4. Habituation
5. Abuse
6. Addiction

1. Loss of Control
2. Compulsive Drug Use
3. Cravings for Drugs
4. Continued Use (despite increasing negative consequences)

An equivalent amount of dopamine is released in the reward/control circuitry of the brain of a compulsive video game player as is released by an injection of methamphetamine or Ritalin. 

True or False?

What country consumes alcohol at the highest rate?

Bonus: Who follows them?

Russia

Followed by European countries

1. Beer is produced from fermented _____

2. Wine is produced from fermented_____

3. Distilled spirits are made from  _______

1. Grain
2. Fruit
3. Distilled spirits have varying concentrations of alcohol and are made from: fermented grains, tubers (e.g., potatoes), vegetables, and other plants. They can also be distilled from wine or other fermented beverages.

By lowering inhibitions, increasing self-confidence, and promoting sociability.  It calms, relaxes, sedates, and reduces tension.

The depressant and disinhibiting effects of alcohol can deepen negative emotions.

What results in intoxication?

A. Mood/Expectations

B. Consumption of alcohol

C. Mental/Physical Tolerance

D. Past Experiences with Drinking

E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Binge Drinking

(Define)

Heavy Drinking

(Define)

Mental confusion, mood swings, loss of judgment, and emotional turbulence at higher doses. 

Experienced drinkers may not show effects; however, inexperienced drinkers may show slurred speech, progressive mental confusion, and loss of emotional control.

Heavy alcohol consumption may also interfere with REM or dreaming sleep.

Past a certain point, physical depressant effects take over and muscular coordination, walking, breathing, heart rate, and consciousness become difficult.

During a black out a person seems to be acting normally and is awake and conscious but cannot recall anything said or done afterwards.

During a brownout a person seems to be acting normall and is awake and conscious but can only partially recall events afterwards. 

Sexual, physical, and emotional abuses at a young age.

However, other environmental factors include: child abuse; alcohol or other drug-abusing parents, friends, and/or relatives; chaotic family relationships; peer pressure; and extreem stress.

Most users of illict drugs also drink alcohol, and most alcohol abusers use other drugs.

True or False?

1. Indoles (e.g., LSD, psilocybin mushrooms)
2. Phenylalklamines (e.g., peyote, MDMA)
3. Anticholinergics (e.g., belladonna, datura)
4. Individually classified (e.g., ketamine, PCP, Salvia divinorum, DXM)
5. Cannabinoids found in marijuana.

Flashbacks.

Some experience mental or sensory experiences of a trip they experienced.

LSD does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior; therefore it is not considered addictive.  

The excessively high number of trips reportedly taken by a number of users likely initiated by a psychological dependence rather than a physical dependence even though tolerance does not develop rapidly.