1. Opiates

2. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)

1. Opium

2. Codeine

3. Morphine

4. Heroin

Due to its antiemetic properties, Promethazin may be added to a narcotic drug to prevent the user from the common opiate side effects of nausea and vomitting. Also, Promethazin has a synergistic effect with some opiates, like codeine.

Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin

Demerol, Methadone, Talwin

Nalorphine, Naloxone, or Naltrexone.

1. Analgesic- relieves pain

2. Antitussive- relieves cough

3. Constipation- anti-diarrheal, firms the stool.

Drowsiness, mental clouding

Respiratory Depression (typically offset by pain)

Nausea, vomiting, and contipation

Inability to urinate

Drop in blood pressure

Abuse potential

Naltrexone

Solomon Snyder (1973)

Oxycontin

24-48 hours

That about 10% of Codeine is metabolized into Morphine in the body

In order to combat the idea that Methadone was a "socially rehabilitative" drug, Plonsky and Freeman had 4 different groups of rats, consisting of 9 rats in each group. One dose was just administered sesame oil, one other a low level of methadone, one a moderate level of methadone, and one a high level of methadone.

1. Time in Contact- time spent touching

2. Activity Levels- defined by photo-beam counts

As the methadone dosage levels went up, the amount of social interaction/activity decreased. For example, 200 seconds out of 300 seconds were spent touching in the placebo group whereas the high methadone dose group touched for less than 15 seconds.

In order to make sure that this wasn't attributed to the sedative like effects of methadone, activity levels were measured and showed that despite an initial level of low activity, tolerance developed and the rats became nearly as active as the placebo group.

1. Salicylates- including Asprin and Acetaminophen

2. Others- including Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and Ketoprofen

1. Anagesia- works for somatic rather than visceral pain

2. Antipyretic- reduces fever

3. Anti-inflammatory- reduces swelling, but must maintain high sustained doses for this effect.

Somatic pain pertains to musculoskeletal pain, whereas visceral pain refers to internal (organ) pain.

Acetaminophen

Tylenol

Advil, Motrin

Aleve

Orudis KT

It refers to the bark of a willow tree, which is where salicylates such as asprin and acetaminophen are derived.

1. Gastrointestinal- irritation, bleeding, ulcer aggravation

2. Blood- interference with clotting; prolongs bleeding

3. Ears- chronic high doses cause tinnitus and hearing loss.

4. Pediatric- Reye's Syndrome

1. Buffering- doesn't work

2. Enteric Coating- does work by utilizing a coating that prevents it from totally being broken down in the stomach

1. Liver- acute high doses or chronic exposure can cause severe damage.

2. Heavy use of Tylenot is tied to kidney failure/ills

Alcohol can make the side effects of Acetaminophen worse.

1. Gastrointestinal- similar to asprin, but less severe

2. Blood- similar to aspirin, but less severe

3. Kidneys- damage in elderly or those with existing kidney disease

Describe Reye's Syndrome:

Reye's Syndrome is a disease elieved to be caused by medicines that contain salicylate. It affects mostly younk people, and appears soon after flu-like infection or chicken pox. Death is common and may occur in only a few days.

The syndrome was recognized by Douglas Reye in 1963

It is clear that ingestion of aspirin during and after a viral illness significantly increases the chance of the disease. More than 90% of the reported cases were found in those 15 and younger, which is why aspirin is only to be used by those older than 16.

325 mgs

They take longer to go into effect.

Opiates combat pain by activating the endorphin or enkephalin receptor sites, whereas NSAIDs stop or reduce prostaglandin production

Analgesics

Opioid

Antitussive

Speedballing

Mainline

Papaver somniferum

Alcohol or Barbiturates

Heroin

Analgesics

Salicylates

Steroids

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Antipyretics

Reye's syndrome