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| The study of the eye's structure, function, and diseases. |
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| The science concerned with hearing |
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| The scientific study of the nervous system. |
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| The process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy. |
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| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning. |
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| The operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation. |
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| THe operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels, that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world. |
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| Specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain. |
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| Detection of light, perceived as sight |
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| Detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, perceived as touch, hearing, and equilibrium. |
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| Detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell and taste |
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| An experience in which one sense induces an experience in another sense. |
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| Pain in a limb that was amputated |
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| The minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect. |
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| Irrelevant and competing stimuli -- not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for our senses |
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| The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected. |
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| The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different. |
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| The detection of information below the level of conscious awareness. |
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| A theory of perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty |
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| The process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment. |
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| The process of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others. |
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| When one can hear one person talking in a group of people |
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| The way that automatically reading a color name can make it difficult to name the color in which the word is printed. |
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| Different, unusual stimuli that attracts our attention. |
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| Refers to the failure to detect unexpected events when our attention is engaged by a task. |
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| Emotion-Induced Blindness |
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| Refers to the fact that when we encounter an emotionally charged stimulus, we often fail to recognize a stimulus that is presented immediately after it. |
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| A predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way. |
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| A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation. |
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| Person that can read another person's mind or perceive future events in the absence of concrete sensory input. |
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| Form of electromagnetic energy that can be describes in terms of wavelengths. |
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| Distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. |
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| Ranges from 400-700 nm of wavelengths. |
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| White, outer part of the eye that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury. |
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| The colored part of the eye, which might be light blue in one individual and dark brown in another. |
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| Opening in the center of the iris, black part. |
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| Clear membrane just in front of the eye |
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| A transparent and somewhat flexible, disk-shaped structure filled with a gelatin-like material. |
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| The multilayered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain. |
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| The receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light but not very useful for color vision |
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| The receptor cells in the retina that allow for color perception |
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| tiny area in the center of the retina at which vision is at its best. |
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| The structure at the back of the eye, made up of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing. |
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| Neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus |
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| The simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways |
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| IN the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells. |
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| Theory stating that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths. |
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| Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue. |
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| Figure-Ground Relationship |
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| The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over |
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| A school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns. |
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| The ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally |
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| Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together. |
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| A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in our two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is. |
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| Powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left. |
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| The perception that a stationary object is moving. |
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| The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing. |
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| Number of full wavelengths that pass through a point in a given time interval. |
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| Perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound. |
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| Numerous frequencies of sound blend together. |
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| The outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal. |
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| The part of the ear that channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear. |
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| Outer, Visible part of the ear. |
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| Separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound. |
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| THe part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose function is the convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain. |
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| Tubular, fluid-filled structure that is coiled up like a snail. |
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| Lines the inner wall of the cochlea and runs its entire length. |
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| Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane. |
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| Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires. |
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| Modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses. |
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| The nerve structure that receives information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain's auditory areas. |
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| Sensory nerve endings under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body's temperature at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. |
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| The sensation that warns us of damage to our bodies. |
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| Rounded bumps above the tongue's surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste. |
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| The lining the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell. |
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| Senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation. |
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| Sense that provides information about balance and movement. |
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| Three fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when we tilt or move our head and/or body. |
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