Term
| The greek philosopher _?_ developed early theories about _?_, _?_, _?_, _?_, _?_, and _?_ |
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Definition
Aristotle learning memory motivation emotion perception personality |
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| The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm _?_. |
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| The historical roots of psychology include the fields of _?_ and _?_. |
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| Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of _?_; the personality theorist _?_; Jean Piaget, who studied _?_; and _?_, author of an important 1890 psychology textbook. |
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Definition
learning Sigmund Freud children William James |
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| The first female president of the American Psychological Association was _?_. The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was _?_. |
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Definition
Mary Calkins Margaret Washburn |
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| In the earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of _?_ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of _?_ behavior. Today, we define psychology as the scientific study of _?_ and _?_ processes. |
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Definition
mental observable behavior mental |
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Term
| As a response to Freudian psychology and to _?_, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers _?_ and forged _?_ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the _?_ potential of _?_ people. |
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Definition
behaviorism Carl Rogers Abraham maslow humanistic growth healthy |
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| During the 1960s, psychology underwent a _?_ revolution as it began to recapture interest in _?_ processes. The study of the interaction of thought processes and _?_ function is called _?__?_. |
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Definition
cognitive mental brain cognitive neuroscience |
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| Worldwide, the number of psychologists is _?_ (increasing/decreasing). The field is also _?_, which means that we are moving toward a single world of psychological science. |
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| The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of _?_ and _?_. |
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| The Greek philosopher who assumed that character and intelligence are inherited is _?_. The Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience is _?_. Today, we are more likely to find that _?_ works on what _?_ endows because of our species' ability to learn and to _?_. |
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Definition
Plato Aristotle nurture nature adapt |
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Term
| Each person is a complex _?_ that is part of a larger _?__?_ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from 3 main _?_ of _?_-biological, _?_, and _?_-_?_- which together form an integrated _?_ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes. |
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Definition
system social system levels analysis psychological social-cultural biopsychosocial |
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Term
Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working form the _?_ perspective. |
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| Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the _?_ perspective, whereas those concerned with the relative influences of genes and environment on individual differences are working from the _?__?_ perspective. |
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Definition
evolutionary behavior genetics |
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Term
| Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the _?_ perspective. |
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Definition
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| Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the _?_ perspective, while psychologists working from the _?_ perspective explore howw our minds encode, process, store, and retrieve information. |
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Term
| Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the _?_-_?_ perspective. |
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Term
| The different perspectives _?_ (contradict/complement) one another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychologists may be involved in conducting _?__?_, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or _?__?_, which seeks solutions to practical problems. |
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Definition
basic research applied research |
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Term
| Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called _?_ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called _?_ psychologists. |
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Term
| Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called _?_. |
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| Psychologists use the science of _?_ and _?_ processes to better understand why people _?_, _?_, and _?_ as they do. |
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Definition
behavior mental think feel act |
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Term
| The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable is called the _?__?_. This phenomenon is _?_ (rare/common) in _?_ (children/adults/both). |
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Definition
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| Because it is _?_ (after the fact/usually wrong), this tendency makes research findings seem like mere common sense. |
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| Our everyday thinking is also limited by _?_ in what we think we know. |
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| Most people are _?_ (better/worse/equally wrong) in predicting their social behavior. |
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Term
| The scientific approach is characterized by the attitudes of _?_, _?_, and _?_. |
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Definition
curiosity skeptisism humility |
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Term
| Scientific inquiry thus encourages reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions, which is called _?__?_. |
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Definition
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| Psychologists use the _?__?_ to guide their study of behavior and mental processes. They make self-reports and _?_ and form _?_, which are _?_ or rejected based on whether or not their predictions are correct. |
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Definition
scientific method observations theories revised |
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Term
| An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events is a _?_. Testable predictions that allow a scientist to evaluate a theory are called _?_. These predictions give direction to _?_. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to prevent theorectical biases from influencing scientific observations, research must be reported precisely-using clear _?__?_ of all concepts-so that others can _?_ the findings. |
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Definition
operational definitions replicate |
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Term
| The test of a useful theory is the extent to which it effectively _?_ observations and implies clear _?_. |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychologists conduct research using _?_, _?_, and _?_ methods. |
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Definition
descriptive correlation experimental |
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Term
| The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth in order to reveal universal principles of behavior is the _?__?_. |
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Definition
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Term
| Although case studies can suggest _?_ for further study, a potential problem with this method is that any given individual may be _?_. |
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Definition
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Term
| The method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes of behavior is the _?_. |
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Term
| An important factor in the validity of survey research is the _?_ of questions. |
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Term
| We are more likely to overgeneralize from select samples that are especially _?_. |
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Term
| Surveys try to obtain a _?_ sample, one that will be representative of the _?_ being studied. In such a sample, every person _?_ (does/does not) have a chance of being included. |
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Term
| Large, representative samples _?_ (are/are not) better than smaller ones. |
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Term
| The research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environments is called _?__?_. |
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Definition
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Term
| Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation do not explain behavior; they simply _?_ it. |
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| Using naturalistic observation, researchers have found that people are more likely to laugh in _?_ situations than in _?_ situations. Also, using observations of walking speed and the accuracy of public clocks, researchers have concluded that the pace of life _?_ (varies/ does not vary) from one culture to another. |
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Term
| When changes in one facor are accompanied by changes in another, the 2 factors are said to be _?_, and one is thus able to _?_ the other. The statistical expression of this relationship is called a _?__?_. |
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Definition
correlated predict correlation coefficient |
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Term
| If 2 factors increase or decrease together, they are _?__?_. If, however, one decreases as the other increases, they are _?__?_. Another way to state the latter is that the 2 variables relate _?_. |
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Definition
positively correlated negatively correlated inversely |
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Term
| A negative correlation between 2 variables does not indicate the _?_ or _?_ of the relationship. Nor does correlation prove _?_; rather, it merely indicates the possibility of a _?_-_?_ relationship. |
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Definition
strength weakness causation cause-effect |
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Term
| A correlation between 2 events or behaviors means only that one event can be _?_ from the other. |
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Definition
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| Because 2 events may both be caused by some other _?_, a correlation does not mean that one _?_ the other. For this reason, correlation thus does not enable _?_. |
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