Term
Self concept
- how does it change as you mature?
- what 2 things does it influence?
- self concept clarity |
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Definition
an individual's overall belief about his or her own attributes
ie. if they are smart or funny.
becomes more abstract as you mature.
influences what we notice about the world and influences our self-esteem
self-conecpt clarity is extent to which knowledge about the self is clearly or consistently defined |
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Term
| For individualistic cultures, what effect does a low self concept clarity have? |
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Definition
| it can lead to neurotic behaviour and lead to low self-esteem |
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Term
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Definition
state of being aware of oneself as an object of one's thoughts.
aka the knower or the "I" |
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Term
self esteem
- it is determined by? |
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Definition
an individual's evaluation of his or her own worth
- determined in part by self-concept. If self concept positive, self -esteem higher and vise versa. |
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Term
| self as interpersonal tool |
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Definition
in order to have relationships with others, we need to have a relatively stable identity.
ie, Lucy in 50 first dates can't form stable relationships since she doesn't have an idea of self. |
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Term
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Definition
| our decisions reflect our goals, values and priorities |
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Term
| self as regulatory system |
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Definition
self must maintain itself despite individual's diverse and contradictory goals
- I want chocolate, but I don't want to be fat. chocolate more important than being fat. go with chocolate. |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking about your thoughts or feelings |
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Term
| comment on effectiveness of introspection on gaining insight into your true attitudes. what is an even better predictor of future behaviour? |
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Definition
| not very effective. "gut feelings" better predictor of true preferences and future behaviour. ie follow your heart. your brain is stupid. |
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Term
overestimation of impact
- affective forecasting |
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Definition
believe various factors will influence our mood much more than they actually do.
affective forecasting is process of predicting impact of both positive and negative events on mood. as mentioned, people are tres bad at this. |
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Term
self discrepancy theory
- how does this effect self-esteem? |
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Definition
theory that our self-concept is influenced by gap between how we actually see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.
- those with larger discrepancy feel less good about themselves (in individ cultures) |
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Term
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Definition
only when people focus on their own behaviour, do they become motivated to either change their behaviour (so attitudes and behaviour are in line), or escape self awareness (to avoid noticing this contradiction) .
ie. if you loo in a mirror you're less likely to do something you feel doesn't match you personality, like stealing. |
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Term
| discuss limitations of self control |
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Definition
once we've spent energy on controlling our thoughts and desires, we have difficulty doing so again.
-if you have to resist eating chocolate, you'll get more frustrated with solving a puzzle |
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Term
| fun fact: men and women have correlating confidence levels when a task is described as either "masculine" or "feminine" |
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Definition
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| changes in facial expression can lead to changes in emotions |
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Term
| discuss the pos/neg feelings that arise when motivation for a task is either intrinsic or extrinsic |
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Definition
| intrinsically motivated tasks lead to positive feelings. while extrinsic motivations lead to negative consequences - for individ cultures. |
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Term
over justification
- how can it be overcome? |
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Definition
phenomenon in which receiving external rewards for a given behaviour can undermine the intrinsic motivation for engaging in this behaviour.
can be overcome by setting standards of intrinsic goals higher than extrinsic goals (setting personal due date before actual due date) |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that people evaluate their own abilities and attributes by comparing themselves to other people |
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Term
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Definition
| see our own desirable behaviour as less common than is actually the case |
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Term
| fun fact: people will misremember events in particular way to make them feel better about themselves |
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Definition
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Term
false consensus effect
- what is a contributor to this effect? |
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Definition
tendency to overestimate extent to which other people share our opinions, attitudes and behaviours.
- caused by fact that we usually surround ourselves with people who share same beliefs. |
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Term
unrealistic optimism
-culture difference |
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Definition
phenomenon in which people see themselves as more likely than other people to experience good events, and less likely than others to experience bad events.
- more prominent in indivd vrs. collective |
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Term
| fun fact: individ culture assign greater importance to what we're good at than what we're bad at. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to see uncontrollable events as at least partially under control |
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Term
| fun fact: people are overconfident in their ability to judge and predict their own behaviour |
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Definition
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Term
| basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) |
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Definition
| associating with successful others to increase one's feelings of self worth |
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Term
downward social comparison
- done most often by people in which mental state? |
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Definition
comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a given trait or ability in an attempt to feel better about ourselves
- done most often by people feeling bad about themselves |
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Term
| 3 things we do when comparisons can only be made to those who are better than us |
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Definition
1. emphasize various advantages that the other person may have had
2. acknowledge their skills in one domain, but degrade their abilities in another to compensate
3. exaggerate the other person's ability as unusually good, therefore we could also be good at this behaviour- even if its not that good. It protects us from seeing our own skill as very low in comparison. |
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Term
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Definition
strategy where people create obstacles to success so that potential failure can be blamed on these external factors
*setting up obstacle BEFORE event, not just giving excuses after |
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Term
Impression management
- briefly list 4 |
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Definition
strategies people use to create positive impressions of themselves
- self promotion
- ingratiation
- self verification theory
- self-monitoring |
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Term
self promotion
- what large concept is it from? |
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Definition
the strategy that focuses on making other people think that you are competent or good in some way.
it is an impression management. |
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Term
ingratiation
- what larger concept is this from? |
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Definition
strategy in which people try to make themselves likeable to someone else, often through flattery or praise.
- a form of impression management |
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Term
self-verificaiton theory
- what larger concept is this a part of? |
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Definition
expectation that other people's perception of oneself is consistent with one's own perception of oneself. this also applies when one sees themselves negatively.
- a form of impression management |
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Term
self monitoring
- what is this a larger concept of? |
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Definition
extent to which one adjusts one's self-presentation in different situations
- form of impression management |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate extent to which one's own appearance , behaviour and feelings are obvious to others. |
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Term
| compair/contrast individualistic and collectivistic cultures in terms of conformity and uniqueness |
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Definition
collectivistic culture values conforming to duties and view non-conformist behaviour as immature.
Individualistic cultures value unique characteristics of individ. |
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Term
| name and describe the three aspects of self |
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Definition
private
- how person understands themselves
-" I am hard working"
public
- way person is percieved by others
- "others think i'm smart"
Collective
-peron's sense of belonging to a social group
-"my fam knows i take care of aging parents" |
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Term
| compare/ contrast collectivist and individualistic cultures in terms of the three aspects of self. |
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Definition
collectivists give greater emphasis to public and collective than private self.
Individualistic gives more emphasis to private self than public and collective |
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Term
independent self construal
- mainly in one culture (Collect or individ) |
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Definition
a conception of the self as autonomous and independent from others, and behaving primarily to express its own internal attributes
- individ. obvi. |
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Term
interdependent self-construal
-mainly in which culture? (collect vrs. individ) |
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Definition
concept of self as connected to others, with its behaviour contingent on values, thoughts and preferences of others
-collectivist cultures |
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Term
| compare/contrast collect. vrs. individ. in terms of the stability of their self concept. |
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Definition
| individ more consistent and stable while collectivistic culture's self concept is more adaptable. |
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Term
| compare/contrast individ and collectivistic cultures in regards to social comparison information |
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Definition
| collectivistic culture is more interested in social comparison info than individualistic. |
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Term
| compare/contrast individ and collect. in terms of how they assume others see themselves (pos or neg) |
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Definition
individ assume others see themselves as more positive
collect. assume others see themselves as more neg. |
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Term
| compare/contrast the consistency of self in predicting well-being in individualistic vrs collectivistic cultures. |
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Definition
consistency of self important for well being in individ.
but so for collect., which have a more fluid view of reality. |
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Term
| discuss extrinsic vrs intrinsic motivation for collect. cultures |
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Definition
extrinsic motivation does not necessarily undermine intrinsic interest.
-examp: asian children worked longer on problem when it's what mom wanted. |
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Term
Self serving attribution
-this is less relevant for which culture (individ or collect?) |
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Definition
tendency to view oneself in positive light
- collect. obvi. they see life as both good and bad |
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Term
| false uniqueness bias is much more common in which culture (individ or collect) |
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Definition
| ding ding ding. if you individ, you get a cookie! |
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Term
| is self effacing bias higher in individ or collect? |
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Definition
| it is higher in collect. cultures. |
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Term
| compare/contrast how imdivid and collect believe self esteem correlates to success and failure situations. |
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Definition
| individ believe self-esteem increases more in success situations than dcreases in failure situations, while collect believe it decreases in failure situations more than it increases in pos. |
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Term
| which (collect or individ) is more likely to engage in self enhancement and self -criticism? |
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Definition
individ: enhancement
collect: criticism |
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Term
which culture (individ or collect) has an individual actual self which is more distant from ideal selves?
- why? |
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Definition
| collect further because being too different from person you'd like to be is more threatening to individ cultures |
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Term
| which group is more modest about achievements? (collect or individ) |
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Definition
| collect. so as to keep group harmony |
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Term
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Definition
| error of assuming that relationships between variables at the group level are the same as relationships at the individ level. |
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