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| A specific prediction about some phenomenon |
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| A set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to one another |
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| Any characteristics or factor that can vary |
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| Definition of a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it |
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| Measures that record behavior in a way that keeps participants unaware that they are being observed |
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| Records or documents that already exist |
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| The APA guideline saying that when people agree to participate in research they should be given a full description of the procedures, informed about any risks involved, and told they are free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty |
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| Research seeking to identify how humans and other animals behave, particularly in natural settings |
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| An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event |
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| Observation of behavior as it occurs in a natural setting |
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| Research based on obtaining information about a topic by administering questionnaires or interviews to many people. |
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| All the individuals that we are interested in drawing conclusions about |
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| A subset of individuals drawn from a larger population |
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| A sample that reflects the important characteristics of the population. |
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| A method of sampling whereby every member of a populatoin has an equal probability of being chosen to participate in the survey |
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| Research based on measuring one variable (X) and another variable (Y), and then statistically determining whether X and Y are related |
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| A statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables |
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| A relationship in which higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on a second variable |
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| A relationship in which higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable |
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| A graph on which the correlation between two variables can be depicted |
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| A research method based on a researcher manipulating one or more variables, measuring whether this manipulatoin influences other variables, and then attempting to control extraneous factors that might influence the outcome of the experiment |
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| The factor that is manipulated by the experiment |
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| The factor that is measured by the exerpimenter and may be influenced by the independent variable |
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| The group that receives a treatment or an "active" level of the independent variable |
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| The group that is not exposed to the treatement or receives a zero level of independent variable |
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| A procedure in which each participant has an equal likelihood of being assigned any one group within an experiment |
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| A procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to others |
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| The degree to which an experiment supports clear, causal conclusions |
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| Research in which two variables are intertwined in such a way that we cannot determine which one has influenced a dependent variable |
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| Cues that participants pick up about the hypothesis of a study or about how they are supposed to behave |
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| A substance that has no pharmacological effect |
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| A research outcome in which people receiving treatment show a change in behavior because of their expectations, not because the treatment itself had any specific benefit |
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| Experimenter expectancy effects |
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| The subtle and unintentional ways researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researcher's hypothesis |
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| A research procedure wherein both the participant and experimenter are kept blind as to which experimental condition the participant is in. |
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| The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, and conditions |
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| The process of repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated |
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| Statistics that allow us to summarize and describe the characteristics of a "set" (also called a "distribution") of data |
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| The most frequently occuring score in a distribution |
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| The point that divides a distribution of scores in half when those scores are arranged in order from lowest to highest |
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| The arithmetic average of a set of scores |
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| The difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution |
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| A measure of variability that takes into account how much each score in a distribution differs from the mean |
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| Statistics that tell us how likely it is that our findings are merely a chance occurence |
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| The conclusion that is very unlikely that a particular finding occurred by chance alone |
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| A statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic |
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