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psych
introduction to psych final
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2016

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Term
psychological disorder
Definition
An ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion and behavior that causes significant distress and that is considered abnormal in that person’s culture or society.
Term
Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Illness:
Definition
Assumes Psychological Disorders have 3 primary causes (biological, psychological, social)
Term
Biological Causes:
Definition
Genetics, Abnormalities in neurotransmitters
Term
Psychological Causes:
Definition
Distorted patterns of thinking that influence people’s level of depression and/or anxiety
Term
Social Causes:
Definition
Poverty, Family problems, homelessness, abuse, discrimination
Term
Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders:
Definition
Assigning a label to a person’s set of symptoms
Term
DSM-5:
Definition
Manual used by psychologists to make decisions about psychological diagnoses
Term
Role of Culture in Psychological diagnoses:
Definition
Cultural factors play a role in what is considered a psychological disorder; disorders may be expressed differently in different cultures
Term
Anxiety Disorders:
Definition
Fear/anxiety in the absence of any real danger
Term
Specific Phobias:
Definition
Fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger
Term
Social Anxiety Disorder:
Definition
Fear of being negatively judged by others
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Definition
Almost continual anxiety and worry about everything. Symptoms include sleep problems, attention problems, irritability, muscle tension, headaches, restlessness
Term
Panic Disorder:
Definition
Sudden Attacks of overwhelming fear. Symptoms include racing heart, rapid breathing, sweating, light-headedness, tingling in hands and feet, sense of unreality, fear of dying or going crazy.
Term
Agoraphobia:
Definition
Fear of not being able to escape from a situation, with a tendency to avoid places that are crowded or from which escape would be difficult. Panic attacks often accompany agoraphobia.
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:
Definition
Obsessive thoughts that produce strong anxiety lead to compulsive behaviors (washing hands, cleaning, checking, counting) in attempt to decrease anxiety.
Term
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
Definition
After severe trauma, symptoms of nightmares, flashbacks, intense anxiety, and irritability
Term
Mood Disorders:
Definition
Includes Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Term
Major Depressive Disorder:
Definition
Symptoms of sad mood, irritability, loss of interest in activities, negative thoughts, sleep difficulties, appetite changes, concentration problems, feelings of guilt, frequent thoughts of death. Symptoms must be present at least 2 weeks
Term
Pervasive Depressive Disorder:
Definition
Milder depressive symptoms that are present on most days for at least 2 years.
Term
Bipolar I Disorder:
Definition
Experience of at least one Manic Episode (elevated mood, increased energy, decreased sleep, poor judgment, risky behavior, racing thoughts) followed by a swing to a very depressed mood.
Term
Bipolar II Disorder:
Definition
Less severe elevated mood, but equally severe depressive episodes
Term
Schizophrenia:
Definition
Thought disorder that includes symptoms of delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (perceptual disturbances—usually auditory), disorganized behavior and speech, and negative symptoms of apathy and avoidance of social situations.
Term
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):
Definition
Disorder first diagnosed in children younger than 12. Includes symptoms of hyperactivity, problems paying attention and following directions
Term
Psychological Disorders have
Definition
tremendous individual, social and economic costs for society.
Term
There are 3 approaches to treating Psychological Disorders:
Definition
Biomedical Approach, Psychological Approach, Social Approach.
Term
Biomedical Approach:
Definition
Use of medications to treat various psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Biomedical approach also includes ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Term
Medications can be
Definition
very helpful in reducing symptoms of psychological disorders and are treatment of choice for Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia
Term
Psychological Approach:
Definition
The use of supportive, insight-oriented, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to help people decrease their symptoms of psychological disorders
Term
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies are
Definition
focused on changing problematic thoughts and behaviors; present focused, not past-focused.
Term
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies have been shown to be
Definition
effective in treating anxiety disorders and depressive disorders.
Term
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies require
Definition
that clients be actively involved in their treatment, and help them to identify and change distorted thought patterns and behaviors.
Term
Social Approaches:
Definition
Looks to change social environment to reduce underlying causes of psychological disorders. Couples Therapy, Family Therapy, Group Therapy and Community Mental Health Centers all use the Social Approach.
Term
Group Therapy is
Definition
as effective as Individual therapy; Community Mental Health Centers have shown some effectiveness.
Term
Social Psychology Definition:
Definition
The study of how people influence each other’s behaviors, beliefs and attitudes
Term
Humans tend to make quick judgments about other people based on initial impressions. While these impressions are sometimes accurate, they can also be wrong. We tend to stereotype other people because it is a quick and easy way of taking in social information.
Definition
Term
Stereotyping:
Definition
The tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people based on their external appearance and social group memberships. It is related to prejudice and discrimination
Term
Prejudice:
Definition
The tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or social group memberships
Term
Discrimination:
Definition
Negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice
Term
We recognize individual differences more easily when we are
Definition
judging people who are in our social groups.
Term
We tend to use Stereotypes to judge people who
Definition
are not in our social groups.
Term
Causal Attributions:
Definition
The process of trying to determine the causes of people’s behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities.
Term
Person Attribution:
Definition
The behavior is due to something about the person (their traits, mood, ability or effort)
Term
Situation Attribution:
Definition
The behavior is due to something about the situation or circumstance (something outside the person)
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error:
Definition
The tendency to overestimate the role of Person factors and underestimate the Situation factors when judging others.
Term
When we are judging reasons for our own behavior,
Definition
we tend to acknowledge the role that Situations play, especially when we fail or have problems.
Term
Upward Social Comparison:
Definition
Compare ourselves to people who seem better than us in some way.
Term
Downward Social Comparison:
Definition
Compare ourselves to people who seem inferior to us in some way.
Term
Social Facilitation:
Definition
The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others. More likely to happen if we are performing a response which is easy or at which we are highly skilled.
Term
Social Inhibition:
Definition
The tendency to perform tasks more poorly or slowly in the presence of others. More likely to happen if we are performing a response that is difficult or not well-learned.
Term
Social Norms Definition:
Definition
Widely understood and accepted expectations about what represents acceptable behavior in particular situations. Bring order to society be decreasing unexpected or disorderly behavior.
Term
Social Loafing:
Definition
Group process that occurs when people do not work as hard in a group as they do when they are working alone.
Term
Conformity:
Definition
When we change our behaviors or beliefs to match those of others in a social group. Example: Asch Study on judgment of line length—subjects will often agree with wrong answer if everyone in group is giving same answer.
Term
Factors that increase Conformity:
Definition
unclear situation, agreement of all group members, larger groups.
Term
Compliance:
Definition
Tendency to change your behavior or beliefs after a direct request. Affected by the same factors that increase conformity.
Term
Techniques to increase Compliance:
Definition
Foot in the Door (make a small request, then make a bigger request); Door in the Face (Make a big request that is refused, then make a smaller, more reasonable request).
Term
Obedience:
Definition
Following orders from an authority figure.
Term
Milgram study:
Definition
Participants followed orders to deliver painful electrical shocks to a learner, even when learner begged them to stop. 65% of participants delivered what they believed was the maximum shock level of 450 volts. Power of authority figures is much greater than people imagined. Results were replicated in 2009. The effect of Situational factors is greater than we might expect
Term
Factors that Decreased Obedience in Milgram Study:
Definition
Others Teachers refusing to obey, greater distance between Authority Figure (Experimenter) and Teacher
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