Term
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Definition
1. Duration is about 20 seconds
a. No interruptions
b. Good mental and physical states
2. Limited capacity of 5-9 items: 7 plus or minus 2
3. Chunking:
a. Chunk bits of information together
b. Use our chunks to increase STM
4. Must rehearse the information for at least 20 seconds to get it into long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
a. memory for places and events
b. picture or pictorial memory
c. younger and then some people still show a preference for whole life |
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Term
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Definition
a. We accentuate the important features or attributes
b. Ignore and eliminate the unimportant features |
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Term
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Definition
a. understand how memory works
b. ability to use your memory efficiently
c. acquire this ability at about age 6 |
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Term
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Definition
| rote memorization (routine) |
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Term
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Definition
Decay- 1. Physical loss of neurons
2. Very rare
3. Brain damage- don’t do it! interference-1. Other
information interferes or inhibits the info you are trying to remember
2. Blockage
of the memory |
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Term
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Definition
a. Get an idea
b. Test it
c. Adapt it
d. Try until it works |
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Term
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Definition
| solution routines that generally work |
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Term
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Definition
a. You use a solution routine several times
b. The next problem requires a switch to a new solution routine- and you get stuck using the old one! |
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Term
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Definition
smallest unit of sound in our language
a. Phonics
b. /a/ /b/
c. Most adults produce about 100 phonemes
d. Developmental process
e. English contains 45 phonemes |
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Term
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Definition
a. word order and emphasis changes meaning
b. Word use changes:
i. Pop
ii. Soda
iii. Coke |
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Term
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Definition
over use language rules
c. 1 cat, 2 cats
d. 1 deer, 2 deers
e. I run, so I runned |
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Term
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Definition
A. in terms of the three R’s
1. register: acquisition
2. rehearsal: retention and forgetting
3. retrieval: getting the information OUT |
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Term
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Definition
a. Chunk bits of information together
b. Use our chunks to increase STM (short term memory)
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Term
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Definition
Memory "tricks"
a. Spaces on the G cleft and the lines on the G cleft:
i. Spaces: FACE
ii. Lines: EGBDF
b. Method of loci
c. Song and dance numbers for neuroscience |
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Term
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Definition
A. Construct schemas from our categories and concepts
1. Combine our categories to make a broader schema we lose accuracy
2. Several behaviors involved:
a. Fill in missing pieces
b. Eliminate unnecessary aspects
c. Reduces accuracy but increases efficiency
3. Schemas are generalizations about a group of something
4. Importantly- schemas often contain emotional concepts or feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| 2. Limited capacity of 5-9 items: 7 plus or minus 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| make information meaningful and tie it to other information |
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Term
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Definition
a. Open set of materials
b. Ambiguous tools or operations
c. Many answers |
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Term
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Definition
a. Examine the problem, walk away, then return and immediately solve it
b. Several stages
i. Suspense
ii. Confusion and frustration
iii. Ignoring
iv. Insight or aha! |
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Term
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Definition
| solution routine that ALWAYS works |
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Term
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Definition
1. tend to see an object as having only one function or use
2. can’t see “unintended” uses |
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Term
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Definition
a. Smallest unit of meaning in language
b. Roughly correspond to words
c. Also word prefixes and suffixes
d. –s
e. Phonemes that are also morphemes: I, a
f. Give words meaning: latin prefixes and suffixes? |
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Term
developmental progression of language |
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Definition
1. Birth: cries
a. Pain cry: sharp, rapid, loud
b. Discomfort cry: lower in pitch, not as sharp or rapid, winds up
c. Fuss cry: attention, low discomfort
2. 2 months: vowel sounds to coo
3. By 6 months: adding consonants
a. /d/ and /b/ come first
b. /m/ and /n/ come next
4. First word at about 12 mos (sometimes 8-9 mos)
a. Word may involve “mother’s ear”
b. 12 mos we typically see 5-10 words
c. Using signs
5. By 18-20 months: telegraphic speech
a. 2-word sentences
b. Powerful
6. By age 3-4: functional language
a. 3-6 word sentences
b. Overgeneralization errors: over use language rules
c. 1 cat, 2 cats
d. 1 deer, 2 deers
e. I run, so I runned
7. By early grade school: competent in language |
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Term
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Definition
1. Theoretically this lasts forever
2. Unlimited capacity
3. Problem with “forgetting” is not input but output
4. Key to LTM is organization
5. Two critical behaviors:
a. Maintenance rehearsal: rote memorization
b. Elaborative rehearsal: make information meaningful and tie it to other information
6. Memory tricks: Mnemonics
a. Spaces on the G cleft and the lines on the G cleft:
i. Spaces: FACE
ii. Lines: EGBDF
b. Method of loci
c. Song and dance numbers for neuroscience
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Term
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Definition
a. Memory for words
b. Verbal memory and vocabulary |
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Term
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Definition
1. Loss of old memory occurs because NEW memory overrides it!
2. You get a new car: lights are on the right hand side of the wheel; old car they were on the left---you get back in old car and turn on lights-turn on windshield wipers! |
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Term
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Definition
a. Awareness of how language works
b. Understand that letters make words make sentences, etc….rules
c. Acquire this ability about K or 1st grade- age 6 |
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Term
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Definition
| learning and recalling that is based upon the physiological and mental state of the organism. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Known set of materials
b. Easily identifiable tools or operations
c. One answer |
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Term
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Definition
1. more formal logic and reasoning
2. form representational problem space: model the problem
3. use to main tools:
a. Algorithm: solution routine that ALWAYS works
b. Heuristics: solution routines that generally work 4. analogies: reframe the problem
a. use one example to solve the problem with another set of givens/materials
b. “oh, it’s like…….”
c. Medical students
i. Played a video game about a kingdom and an army
ii. Memorized the parts and blood system of the heart and brain
iii. Solve how to get chemotherapy to a brain tumor |
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Term
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Definition
a. Forward workers are more proficient and experienced
b. Backward workers are novices |
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Term
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Definition
a. grammar
b. Rules for combining the phonemes and morphemes
c. Fluid or changing
d. Do you put a comma after and in a list? |
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Term
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Definition
1. get information IN
2. extremely brief- less than 1 sec
3. non categorical: you don’t code the information, just whether or not it is important
4. argue: is this perception or memory? |
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Term
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Definition
| getting the information out |
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Term
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Definition
a. flashbulb memory
b. Snapshot of a place or event or feeling
c. Tend to be from YOUR personal viewpoint and fairly inaccurate
d. Small children tend to have strong eidectic memory
e. Tendency to have eidectic memories fades with age |
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Term
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Definition
1. Old learning disrupts new learning
2. Old way comes back and wipes out the new way |
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Term
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Definition
2. schemas influence our behavior
a. Changes our perspective
b. Gives rise to prejudices
c. Change our interpretation of real events |
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Term
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Definition
a. Photographic memory
b. Children show strong eidectic memory
c. Adults use it rarely
d. Not very accurate, but they are highly personal
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Term
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Definition
a. Try and try again until you get the answer
b. Very inefficient way to solve problems (headbanging!)
c. Use this strategy when we have exhausted all others! |
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Term
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Definition
a. We use an example to solve a new problem
b. “it is just like ________” |
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Term
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Definition
| a. Forward workers are more proficient and experienced |
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Definition
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