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coined by Percy Williams
communicates how you measure a variable, a statement of the procedures or ways in which a researcher is going to measure behavior or qualities |
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attempts to explain psychological traits as adaptations, functional products of natural selection or sexual selection
helps to survive and reproduce |
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| inherited risk of developing a disease or condition |
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manual published by American Psychiatric Association and covers all mental health disorders for children/adults.
lists causes of disorders, stats in terms of gender, age at onset, and prognosis |
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I: clinical (depression)
II: developmental/personality (autism, mental retardation)
III: physical (brain injury, AIDS)
IV: severity of psychosocial stressors (events that add more stress like death of family)
V: highest level of functioning (clinician uses four axes to see how they are affecting the person) |
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IV: who takes it, not dependent on the other variable
DV: scores made, depending on what happens with the IV determines the outcome to the DV |
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| use of chance procedures in psyc experiments that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any group (random sampling) |
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| tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned |
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| ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
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id: instinctive/primitive behaviors, pleasure principle, immediate gratification regardless of social norms
ego: deals with reality, satisfies id socially acceptable
superego: morals/standards we get from parents/societ |
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| pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex, the stimulus that evokes the reflex is given whether or not the conditioned response occurs until the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the reflex |
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| process by which an individuals behavior is shaped by reinforcement or by punishment |
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shaped by environment
all traits etc are traced back to behaviorism |
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psychoanalytic: founded by Freud, therapists talk and listen to patients about their lives
cognitive-behavioral: therapy tends to focus on a specific problem, usually to help get over phobias
group: form of psychotherapy where 2 or more clients work w/ one or more therapists |
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| erikson's stages of development |
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infant
toddler
preschooler
school
adolescent
young adult
middle age
older adult |
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trust vs mistrust
maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty |
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autonomy vs shame and doubt
works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem |
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| erikson's stages preschoolar |
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initiative vs guilt
not imitate, activities, develops conscience and sexual identity |
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industry vs inferiority
tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills |
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| erikson's stages adolescent |
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identity vs role confusion
tries integrating many roles into a self-image under role model and peer pressure |
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| erikson's stages young adult |
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intimacy vs isolation
learns to make personal commitment to another spouse, parent of partner |
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| erikson's stages middle age |
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generativity vs stagnation
seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and civic interests |
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| erikson's stages older adult |
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integrity vs despair
reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death |
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| austrian neurologist that founded psychoanalytic school of psychiatry |
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| theory on social development |
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| epistemological studies with children |
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| correlation and causation |
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| correlation between 2 variables does not automatically imply that one causes the other, causation can vary |
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| cause of the given behavior is assigned to the individual's personality, attitudes, character, or disposition |
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| individual producing the behavior did so because of the surrounding environment or social situation |
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| people believed shocking was occuring, conducted the stanford prison study |
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openess
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism |
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| psyc model that emphasizes an individual's phenomenal world and inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing to maximum potential |
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| effectiveness of antidepressant |
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| relieve symptoms, work by increasing activity of nor epinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters. |
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| side effects of anti depressants |
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nausea
insomnia
sexual dysfunction
memory impairment
suicidal tendencies |
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uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously,
proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by changing attitudes, beliefs, and actions, justifying, blaming, and denying |
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| innate qualities vs personal experiences, determining or causing individual differences, and physical/behavioral traits |
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