Term
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Definition
| The treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of medications, electroconvulsive therapy, or other medical treatments to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders |
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Term
| Differences between biomedical and psychotherapy |
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Definition
• The biomedical therapies are based on the assumption that the symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors, such as abnormal brain chemistry
• While there are many different types of psychotherapy, they all share the assumption that psychological factors play a significant role in a person’s troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationship |
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| Difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist |
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Definition
• Psychiatrist- Holds a medical degree and has expertise in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders, and has the authority to prescribe medications and other medical procedures
• Clinical Psychologist- Holds a doctorate in psychology and is trained in psychological testing and evaluation, diagnosis, psychotherapy, research, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| • Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development |
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Term
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Definition
| • A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind |
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Term
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Definition
Free Association
Resistance
Analysis of Resistance
Dream Interpretation (manifest and latent content of dreams)
Transference |
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Term
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Definition
| • In psychoanalysis, the patient’s unconscious attempts to block the revelation of repressed memories and conflicts. |
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Term
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Definition
• A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations
• Because psychological defenses are reduced during sleep, Freud (1911) believed that unconscious conflicts and repressed impulses were expressed symbolically in dream images |
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Term
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Definition
| • In psychoanalysis, the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with a significant person in the patient’s life, such as a parent, are unconsciously transferred to the psychoanalyst |
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Term
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Definition
• Occurs when the patient unconsciously responds to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient’s life, often a parent
• As the transference becomes more intense, the patient relives unconscious emotional conflicts that have been repressed since childhood
• Once these kinds of insights are achieved, the psychoanalyst helps the patient work through and resolve long-standing conflicts. As resolutions occur, maladaptive behavior patterns that were previously driven by unconscious conflicts can be replaced with more adaptive emotional and behavioral patterns. |
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Term
| Short-Term Dynamic Theory |
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Definition
| Type of psychotherapy that is based on psychoanalytic theory but differs in that it is typically time-limited, has specific goals, and involves an active, rather than neutral, role for the therapist |
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Definition
| A brief, psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems |
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Term
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Definition
| • A type of psychotherapy that focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques; also called behavior modification |
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Term
| Basic Behavior Therapy Assumption |
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Definition
| • Behavior therapists assume that maladaptive behaviors are learned, just as adaptive behaviors are. Thus, the basic strategy in behavior therapy involves unlearning maladaptive behaviors and learning more adaptive behaviors in their place. |
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Term
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Definition
• The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of the response
• Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
• Other operant conditioning techniques involve controlling the consequences that follow behaviors. Positive and negative reinforcement are used to increase the incidence of desired behaviors. Extinction, or the absence of reinforcement, is used to reduce the occurrence of undesired behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| • The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response |
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Definition
• Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others (modeling)
• Reinforcement is not important, however, the expectation of reinforcement plays a large role |
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Term
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Definition
• A form of behavior therapy in which the therapeutic environment is structured to reward desired behaviors with tokens or points that may eventually be exchanged for tangible rewards
• Tokens or points are awarded as positive reinforcers for desirable behaviors and withheld or taken away for undesirable behaviors. The tokens can be exchanged for other reinforcers, such as special privileges. |
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Term
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Definition
| • A relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimulus with the occurrence of undesirable behaviors or thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
• Exposing someone to a phobia and not helping them out of the situation
• Instead, the person is to react to the stimulus, with the thought that they cannot possibly continue in the state of fear forever
• Eventually, the subject will calm down and realize that they survived the situation and they should not be so afraid of the phobia |
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Term
| Aversion Therapy for Alcoholism |
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Definition
| • A medication called Antabuse is used in aversion therapy for alcoholism. If a person taking Antabuse consumes any amount of alcohol, he or she will experience extreme nausea. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| • A type of behavior therapy in which phobic responses are reduced by pairing relaxation with a series of mental images or real-life situations that the person finds progressively more fear-provoking; based on the principle of counterconditioning |
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Term
| 3 Steps of Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
• First, the patient learns progressive relaxation, which involves successively relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved.
• Second, the behavior therapist helps the patient construct an anxiety hierarchy, which is a list of anxiety-provoking images associated with the feared situation, arranged in a hierarchy from least to most anxiety-producing
• The third step involves the actual process of desensitization. While deeply relaxed, the patient imagines the least threatening scene on the anxiety hierarchy. After he can maintain complete relaxation while imagining this scene, he moves to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| • In vivo means "in real life." Anxiety treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia patients involves systematic desensitization "in the field" for overcoming phobias. |
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Term
| Ellis' A-B-C Model for Therapy |
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Definition
| • According to this model, when an Activating event (A) occurs, it is the person’s Beliefs (B) about the event that cause emotional Consequences (C). Notice how this differs from the commonsense view that it is the event (A) that causes the emotional and behavioral consequences (C). |
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Term
| Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) |
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Definition
| • A type of cognitive therapy, developed by psychologist Albert Ellis, that focuses on changing the client’s irrational beliefs |
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Term
| Theoretical assumption of the causes of emotional and behavioral disorders |
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Definition
| • The key premise of RET is that people’s difficulties are caused by their faulty expectations and irrational beliefs. Rational-emotive therapy focuses on changing the patterns of irrational thinking that are believed to be the primary cause of the client’s emotional distress and psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
• The second step in rational-emotive therapy is for the therapist to vigorously dispute and challenge the irrational beliefs. In doing so, rational-emotive therapists tend to be very direct and even confrontational.
• Rather than trying to establish a warm, supportive atmosphere, rational-emotive therapists rely on logical persuasion and reason to push the client toward recognizing and surrendering his irrational beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| • A group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking; treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy thinking patterns |
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Term
| Beck’s emphasis on Irrational belief, Cognitive Bias, and distorted perceptions |
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Definition
| • Rather than realistically evaluating their situation, depressed patients have developed a negative cognitive bias, consistently distorting their experiences in a negative way. Their negative perceptions of events and situations are shaped by deep-seated, self-deprecating beliefs, such as “I can’t do anything right,” “I’m worthless,” or “I’m unlovable” |
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Term
| Beck's Cognitive Biases in Depression |
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Definition
1. Arbitrary Inference
• Drawing a negative conclusion when there is little or no evidence to support it
2. Selective Abstraction
• Focusing on a single negative detail taken out of context, ignoring the more important aspects of the situation
3. Personalization
• Taking responsibility, blaming oneself, or applying external events to oneself when there is no basis or evidence for making the connection |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
• Therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated
• Changes in thought patterns will affect moods and behaviors, and changes in behaviors will affect thoughts and moods |
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Term
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Definition
• Therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated
• Changes in thought patterns will affect moods and behaviors, and changes in behaviors will affect thoughts and moods |
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Term
| What did Rogers believe about Client-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
| • Rogers believed, change in therapy must be chosen and directed by the client. The therapist’s role is to create the conditions that allow the client, not the therapist, to direct the focus of therapy. |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
• The therapist must value, accept, and care for the client, whatever her problems or behavior
• The therapist who successfully creates a climate of unconditional positive regard fosters the person’s natural tendency to move toward self-fulfilling decisions without fear of evaluation or rejection |
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Term
| Unconditional Empathy (Empathic Understanding) |
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Definition
| • In effect, the therapist creates a psychological mirror, reflecting the client’s thoughts and feelings as they exist in the client’s private inner world. The goal is to help the client explore and clarify his feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. In the process, the client begins to see himself, and his problems, more clearly |
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Term
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Definition
| • The therapist honestly and openly shares her thoughts and feelings with the client. By modeling genuineness, the therapist indirectly encourages the client to exercise this capability more fully in himself |
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Term
| Applications of Client-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
• Motivational interviewing (MI) is designed to help clients overcome the mixed feelings or reluctance they might have about committing to change.
• The main goal of MI is to encourage and strengthen the client’s self-motivating statements or “change talk.” These are expressions of the client’s need, desire, and reasons for change |
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Term
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Definition
• A form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients
• Virtually any approach—psychodynamic, client-centered, behavioral, or cognitive—can be used in group therapy
• Group therapy is typically conducted by a mental health professional |
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Term
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Definition
• A form of psychotherapy that is based on the assumption that the family is a system and that treats the family as a unit
• The major goal of family therapy is to alter and improve the ongoing interactions among family members. Typically, family therapy involves every member of the family |
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Term
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Definition
| • These groups range from the familiar (Alcoholics Anonymous, Tough-Love) to the obscure (Abused by Religion, Cult Awareness Group, Cross-Dressers of Green County), and from the general (Parents of Adolescents, Effective Black Parenting) to the specific (Multiple Sclerosis—Newly Diagnosed). |
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Term
| Who leads self-help groups? |
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Definition
Non-Professionals
- such groups are made up of members who have a common problem and meet for the purpose of exchanging psychological support. Some groups are focused on psychological growth and change. |
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Term
| ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) |
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Definition
| • A biomedical therapy used primarily in the treatment of depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure; also called electroshock therapy |
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Term
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Definition
• In the short term, ECT is a very effective treatment for severe depression: About 80 percent of depressed patients improve
• ECT also relieves the symptoms of depression very quickly, typically within days. Because of its rapid therapeutic effects, ECT can be a lifesaving procedure for extremely suicidal or severely depressed patients |
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Term
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Definition
| • Counteract the classic symptoms of depression—hopelessness, guilt, dejection, suicidal thoughts, difficulty concentrating, and disruptions in sleep, energy, appetite, and sexual desire |
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Term
| First Generation Anti-Depressants |
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Definition
• The first generation of antidepressants consists of two classes of drugs, called tricyclics and MAO inhibitors
• Tricyclics and MAO inhibitors affect multiple neurotransmitter pathways in the brain. Evidence suggests that these medications alleviate depression by increasing the availability of two key brain neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and serotonin, it can take up to six weeks before depressive symptoms begin to lift
• These drugs can also produce numerous side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants can cause weight gain, dizziness, dry mouth and eyes, and sedation. And, because tricyclics affect the cardiovascular system, an overdose can be fatal |
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Term
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Definition
• Class of antidepressant medications that increase the availability of serotonin in the brain and cause fewer side effects than earlier antidepressants; they include Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft
• Prozac and the other SSRI antidepressants tend to produce fewer, and milder, side effects |
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Term
| Dual-Action Anti-Depressants |
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Definition
| • New antidepressants have been developed, including Serzone, Remeron, and Celexa. These antidepressants, called dual-action antidepressants, also affect serotonin levels, but their mechanism is somewhat different from that of the SSRIs |
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Term
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Definition
• Finally, Effexor and Cymbalta are two newer antidepressants that are best classified as dual-reuptake inhibitors, affecting levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine.
• Possibly because of its dual action, Effexor seems to be somewhat more effective than the SSRIs in alleviating the symptoms of depression). However, Effexor’s potential side effects include diminished sexual interest and weight gain |
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Term
| 3 Drugs used to treat bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| Lithium, tegretol, and Depakote |
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Term
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Definition
| - A naturally occurring substance. Lithium counteracts both manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar patients. Its effectiveness in treating bipolar disorder has been well established since the 1960s |
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Term
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Definition
- Useful in treating acute mania and mixed states particularly when a person doesn’t respond well to or tolerate lithium or valproate (Depakote).
- May also help with maintenance treatment – reducing the frequency of all cycles.
- Does not typically cause significant weight gain in most people who take it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originally used to prevent epileptic seizures, Depakote seems to be especially helpful in treating those who rapidly cycle through bouts of bipolar disorder several times a year. It’s also useful for treating bipolar patients who do not respond to lithium |
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Term
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Definition
• Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics
• Reserpine and chlorpromazine act differently on the brain, but both drugs reduce levels of the neurotransmitter called dopamine. Since the development of these early drugs, more than 30 other antipsychotic medications have been developed
• These antipsychotic medications also act on dopamine receptors in the brain |
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Term
| Drawbacks of Anti-Psychotic drugs |
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Definition
- First, they didn’t actually cure schizophrenia
- Second, the early antipsychotic medications were not very effective in eliminating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia—social withdrawal, apathy, and lack of emotional expressiveness
- Third, the antipsychotics often produced unwanted side effects, such as dry mouth, weight gain, constipation, sleepiness, and poor concentration
- Fourth, the fact that the early antipsychotics globally altered brain levels of dopamine turned out to be a double-edged sword
- Fifth: the “revolving door” pattern of hospitalization, discharge, and rehospitalization |
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Term
| Atypical Anti-Psychotic Drugs |
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Definition
• Atypical anti-psychotic drugs- Newer antipsychotic medications that, in contrast to the early antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine receptors in brain regions associated with psychotic symptoms rather than more globally throughout the brain, resulting in fewer side effects
-- Only Work on D2 neurons, no risk of motor damage |
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Term
| How do typical and atypical anti-psychotic drugs differ |
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Definition
• First, the new drugs are less likely to cause movement-related side effects. That’s because they do not block dopamine receptors in the movement areas of the brain. Instead, they more selectively target dopamine receptors in brain areas associated with psychotic symptoms
• The atypical antipsychotics are also much more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia—apathy, social withdrawal, and flat emotions |
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Term
| Side effects of anti-psychotic drugs |
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Definition
| • The antipsychotics often produced unwanted side effects, such as dry mouth, weight gain, constipation, sleepiness, and poor concentration |
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Term
| How anti-psychotic drugs work in the brain |
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Definition
• Reduce levels of Dopamine in the brain
• Reduces dopamine in both D1 and D2 neurons
• Effect against positive side effects of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
• D1 neurons are involved with motor control
• D2 neurons are involved with cognition, perception- thought to be overproduced in schizophrenia |
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Term
| Best known anti-anxiety drugs |
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Definition
| • The best-known antianxiety drugs are the benzodiazepines, which include the trade-name drugs Valium and Xanax. These antianxiety medications calm jittery feelings, relax the muscles, and promote sleep. |
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Term
| How anti-anxiety drugs work |
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Definition
| They take effect rapidly, usually within an hour or so. In general, the benzodiazepines produce their effects by increasing the level of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain and slows brain activity |
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Term
| Problems with Anti-anxiety drugs |
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Definition
They can reduce coordination, alertness, and reaction time
Their effects can be intensified when they are combined with alcohol and many other drugs, including over-the-counter antihistamines. Such a combination can produce severe drug intoxication, even death.
Third, the benzodiazepines are physically addictive if taken in large quantities or over a long period of time. If physical dependence occurs, the person must withdraw from the drug gradually, as abrupt withdrawal can produce life-threatening symptoms. |
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Term
| Two classes of anti-anxiety drugs |
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Definition
| Benzodiazepines and Buspar |
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Term
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Definition
• Buspar is not a benzodiazepine, and it does not affect the neurotransmitter GABA, it is believed to affect brain dopamine and serotonin levels
• Buspar relieves anxiety while allowing the individual to maintain normal alertness. It does not cause the drowsiness, sedation, and cognitive impairment that are associated with the benzodiazepines |
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Term
| One major drawback of Buspar |
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Definition
| It must be taken for two to three weeks before anxiety is reduced |
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Term
| Who was the first person to develop psychosurgery |
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Definition
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Term
| Uses of Psychosurgery today |
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Definition
• Today the procedure is much more precise – cutting specific fibers coming from the Limbic region to the frontal lobes – Cingulectomy.
• 30% success rate
• Used for Depression, OCD, and Bipolar Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
• Anafranil: the first drug to successfully treat OCD – it is an Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor – first used to treat depression
• Other drugs such as Prozac, Paxil, Celexa and Cymbalta are also used
• Best success comes from combing these drugs with Cognitive-Behavior Therapy |
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Term
| Factors in Successful Therapy |
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Definition
• The quality of the therapeutic relationship- a relationship characterized by mutual respect, trust, and hope
• Therapist characteristics- Caring attitude and the ability to listen empathetically, genuinely committed to their clients’ welfare
• Therapists are sensitive to cultural differences that may exist
• Client characteristics- A good client is motivated, committed to therapy, and actively involved in the process
• External circumstances, such as a stable living situation and supportive family members |
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Term
| Side Effects of Typical Anti-Psychotic drugs |
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Definition
Cognitive: slows thinking
emotional impairments – slows emotional responsiveness
Tardive dyskinesia —possible motor side effect that could be permanent with long term drug use
Pseudo Parkinson's – side effects look like Parkinson’s disease – this is due to D1 neurons in the basil ganglia producing less dopamine |
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Term
| Trans-Orbital Lobotomy (Ice-Pick) |
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Definition
Used by Walter Freeman
- Used ECT to put them unconscious
- Insert Ice Pick through eyelid and hammer an ice pick into the brain and sever the frontal lobes
- Took a very short amount of time
- Thorazine, a drug, had the same effects of lobotomy
- Freeman performed 2900 lobotomies, until a patient died of brain hemmorhage |
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