• Germinal Stage- conception when sperm meets egg
• Embryonic Stage- begins after implantation, vital organs and body systems begin to form
• Fetal Stage- end of week 8 to birth, cells divide, body develops, fetus begins to move

Teratogens

What are they, What conditions do they do the most harm?

• any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal stage
• Most damaging in the embryonic stage

Name three teratogens 

Why and how do they impact the developing embryo or fetus?

1. Alcohol- risk of miscarriage, also Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can occur, 
2. Tobacco- reduces blow flow to uterus, not enough nutrients to baby, diminished oxygen to fetus, premature delivery, low birth weight
3. Illnesses- such as chickenpox can lead to skin scarring, small head, blindness, seizures, low birth weight

• Staying clear of alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs
• Eat right
• Exercise
• Surround with positive people and environment

• Because it gives the mother a chance to survice and grow 
• Brain matures through environmental influences 

• Rooting- helps a breastfed baby find the mothers nipple when hungry
• Swimming- helps a baby stay afloat when accidently dropped in water
• Stepping- when held under arms with feet on ground infant lifts one foot after another

• Regular Sleep- full rest shows little or no activity, no eye movements, face is relaxed
• REM Sleep- gentle limb movements, stir occassionally, irregular breathing, occasional eye movements
• Drowsiness- either falling asleep or waking up, less active then in REM but more than regular sleep, eyes open and close, when open they are glazed
• Quiet Alertness- body is relatively inactive, eyes open and attentive, breathing is even
• Waking and Crying- frequent bursts of uncordinated body activity, irregular breathing, face relaxed or tense and wrinkled, crying may occur

• REM sleep is vital for growth of the central nervous system
• Babies with poor sleep organization are behaviorly disorgranized 

• Swaddle The Baby
• Soothing
• Pacifier
• Talk softly or play sounds
• Car Rides, or stroller ride
• Massage
• Combine Methods
• Figure out what they want (hungry, wet, tired, cold, hot)

• Touch- sensitive at birth at mouth, palms of hands, soles of feet & genitals, stimulates attachment and the brain
• Taste- prefer sweet over sour/bitter, dislike/indifferent to salt, prefers mothers milks
• Smell- strong sense, recognize and prefer smell of mothers milk
• Hearing- prefer complex sounds over speech sounds, prefer high frequency sounds that end in if asking a question, prefers mothers voice
• Vision- least developed system, retina captures light, transforms into messages sent to the brain
• optic nerve- relays messages from the brain about anything visual
• muscles of the lens- permites to adjust visual focus to varying distance

• End of first year infant is about 32 inches
• 50% larger then birth
• 2 years it is 75% larger  
• 5 months birth weight doubles
• Triples at a year, at 2 years it is quadrupled

• Cephalocaudal- head develops more rapidly then the lower part of body 
• Proximodistal- Grows from the center out (head, chest,  trunk grow first then hands & feet

• Periods where capacity is at its height, if period is missed may result in loss of function or damage
• ex: language 8 months-puberty

• Experience Expectant- being held, sound of human voice, visual experience (stimulation for optimal brain growth)
• Experience Dependant- addational growth as result of learning experience (writing, games, music)

• It overwhelms neural circuits, reducing brain sensitivity to everyday experiences

• provides balance of fat and protein
• nutrional completeness
• ensures healthy growth 
• protects against illness
• easy to digest
• smooth transition to solid food

• inappropriate weight gain or loss
• primarily due to neglect & rejection
• ex: romania infants not growing when in a barren environment

• strong tie we have for special people in our lives, lead us to experience pleasure and joy, compforted by in times of stress

• Feeding is central context in which caregivers build emotional bonds
• behaviorism- emphasives importance of feeding, prefer mothers caress, smiles, & tender words because they are paired with tension relief
• emphasize caregivers contribution to attachment relationship 

• Says emotional tie to caregiver as evolved response that promotes survival
• believed infant had built in behaviors to keep parent close, protect them, provide support
• attachment to caregiver has profound implications for childs feelings of security, & capacity to form relationships

1. preattachment (0/6 wks)- mother, sensory awareness, no attachment formed
2. attachment in making (6 wks-6/8 mths)- respond diff to caregivers then to stranger, sense of trust, compfort w/ regular caretaker, preference develops
3. clearcut (6/8 mths-18mths/2yrs)- display seperation anxiety, increases 6-15 mths, not speaking, recognize caregiver/parents, reunited show preference, understand language, acquire sense of self
4. formation of reciprocal relationship (18 mths-2 yrs plus)- rapid growth in language, seperation protects decline, negotiate w/ caregivers

1. 60% Secure-use parents as secure base, may/not cry when seperated, if do its because of preference over a stranger, seek contact on return, crying reduced, then will explore
2. 15% Avoidant-  unresponsive to parents when present, not distressed when leave, on return they react to stranger in same way, slow to greet & fail to cling
3. 10% Resistant- seek closeness & fail to explore before seperation, distressed when parents leave, on return they are clingy, angry, resistive, struggle when held, hit/push, cry when picke up, hard to compfort
4. 10% Disorganized/Disorientated- reflects greatest insecurity, confused, contradict behaviors, dazed face expressions, few cry out unexpectedly