1. The scientific study of mind and behavior

2. An attempt to use scientific methods to address fundamental questions about mind and behavior that have puzzled people for mallennia. 

1. In 1867, William James wrote a letter to his friend saying the time has come for psychology to begin to be a science

2. in 1867 Wilhelm Wundt taught the first course in psychology at the university of heidelberg

1. the subjective observation of ones own experience

2. Wundt hopd to discover the basic elements of conscious experience by exposing colors or sounds to participants and asking them to describe its brightness or its loudness

1. The study of the purpose that mental processes serve

2. William James thought psychology's mission should be to find out how different psychological processes excute the functions to survive and reproduce

1. Frued theorized that hysteria was caused by painful childhoood experiences that pacients couldnt remember, he said these memories resided in the unconscious

2. this led to frued developing psychoanalytic theory, an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

1. an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the posititve potential of human beings

2. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers pioneered this movement, these psychologists had more optamistic views of human nature

1.Watson proposed that psychologist should study behavior, what people do, instead of what they say. Watson made these ideas the building blocks for behaviorism, sometimes called stimulus-responser (S-R) psychology

2. Skinner realized animals act on their enviroment to find food and shelter, so he wondered if he could develop behaviorist principles that would explain how animals learned to do these things

1. a psychological approach that empasizes the active role that the mind plays in generating perceptual experience

2. Wertheimer argued that during percetion the mind brings many disparate elements together and combines them into a unified whole

3. the mind imposes organization on what it perceives

1. an approach to psychology that links psychological processes ro activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes.

2. in the research area of physiological psychology 

1. explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

2. has its roots in darwin's theory of natural selection 

1. clinical psychologists assess or treat people with psychological problems, like depression or anxiety

2. psychiatrists have the medical training to perscribe medication 

1. Plato and Aristotle were among the first philosophers to struggle with fundamental questions about how the mind works

2.Plato was a strong proponent of nativism, while Aristotle believed a child's mind was a blank slate, or philosophical empiricism

1. worked on a pacient whos left side of the brain was damaged

2. he had the insight that damage to a specific part of the brain impaired a specific psychological finction

1. the temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences. 

2. martin charcot discovered that when he put these patients into a trancelike state by using hypnosis, their symtoms would dissapear

1. stimulus is a sensory input from the enviroment and response is a reaction to stimulus

2. watson made these ideas the building blocks for behaviorism

1. studied digestion in dogs, he found that dogs salivated at the sight of food and the sight of the person who fed him

2. he developed a procedure where he sounded a tone everytime he fed the dogs and then he looked to see what happened when he sounded the tone and didnt feed them, they drooled anyway. he reffered to the tone as stimulus and the salvation as response

1. FMRI or functional magnetic resonance imaging allows scientists to scan a brain to determine which parts are active when a person reads a word, sees a face learns a new skill, or remembers a personal experience

2.PET scans are one of a variety of brain imaging technologies that psychologists use to observe the living brain

1. the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

2. we can answer questions about the natural world by examining it

1. falsifiable prediction made by a theory

2. should statements

1. Peoples often think, feel, and act one way when theyre being observed and a different way when theyre not

2. when people know theyre being studied they dont always behave as they otherwise would

1. a description of a property in conrete, measureable terms

2. every unit of time has this

1. the tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

2. consistent measurements, pretty much

1. validity

2. reliability 

3. power

1. experiments are techniques for establishing the casual relationship between variables

2. coorilations are variations in the value of one variable are synched with variations in the value of the other