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Psych test 1
.
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/11/2013

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Term
What is psychology?
Definition
the study of how experiences and other factors affect individuals' behaviors and action
Term
What are the primary goals of psychology?
Definition
Measure and describe
predict and control
Explain and understand
Term
In what was Wilhelm Wundt interested?
Definition
introspection
Term
Introspection belongs to which psychological perspective?
Definition
structuralism
Term
What is classical conditioning?
Definition
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after HS paired with a stimulus that naturally brings a response
Term
What did William James specialize in?
Definition
Functionalism
Term
What is learning?
Definition
a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of practice or experience
Term
What is functionalism?
Definition
an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does - the functions of mental activity- and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments
Term
In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, what were the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response?
Definition
Unconditioned stimulus - meat
conditioned stimulus sound of bell
unconditioned response - salivation
Term
What happens when a previously conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without an unconditioned response?
Definition
conditioned response
Term
What is spontaneous recovery?
Definition
the re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
Term
What is generalizability?
Definition
a process in which after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that one similar produce a similar response
Term
What is operant conditioning?
Definition
learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on positive or negative consequences
Term
Who formulated the law of effect?
Definition
Edward Thorndike
Term
Distinguish negative reinforcement from positive reinforcement.
Definition
negative - without a stimulus or removed
positive - with stimulus
Term
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of using punishment to change behavior?
Definition
+ quick and easy
+ may not have 2nd chance
+ suppress
- effectively immediately
- phy. aggression is good
- doesn't convey a HS
Term
Distinguish the partial reinforcement schedules.
Definition
CONTINUOUS- give a pellet every time they hit the lever
FIXED RATIO - 2 presses = 1 pellet
FIXED INTERVAL - after 1 bar press it takes "x" amounts of time for the food to come out
VARIABLE RATIO - on avg: 10 press = 1 pellet
Term
What is shaping?
Definition
process of teaching complex behavior by rewards, closer and closer behavior
Term
What is discrimination?
Definition
process of choosing
Term
what distinguishes social learning theory from other learning theories?
Definition
We are reinforced and learn from others behavior, responses, and consequences
Term
Who developed the social learning theory?
Definition
Edward C. Tolmen
Term
What is the cognitive map?
Definition
development of social awareness
Term
What are the components of reciprocal determinism?
Definition
1) person
2) Environment
3) Behavior
Term
What is a prototype?
Definition
the basis of our concept. Bird --> ostrich
Term
What is a concept?
Definition
a mental picture of a group or class into which you can combine other things
Term
What are the processes involved in memory?
Definition
Attention: what do you focus on?
Encoding: Taking info off a page into a data base
Storage: where we put it in our heads
Retrieve: opening a file
Term
Distinguish iconic memory and echoic memory
Definition
iconic - sensory (visual)
Echoic - auditory store
Term
how long does information remain in each memory system?
Definition
iconic: 1 second
echoic: 10 seconds
Term
What is chunking?
Definition
using a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be used in short term memory
Term
What are mnemonics?
Definition
learning a technique that aids in information retention. translate into a form that is useful
Term
What are the primacy and recency effects?
Definition
remembering things are first. remembers things that are last
Term
Distinguish the different types of memory in long term store.
Definition
Procedural: skills and habits,riding a bike
Semantic: general things with meaning
Episodic: personal knowledge
Term
What is the levels-of-processing theory?
Definition
rehearsal. shallow processing = rhyme shape of spelling
Term
What is the reconstructive nature of memory?
Definition
its not like looking at a photo album than re shelving it. Every time we access a memory we change it or retrace it
Term
Identify three theories of forgetting.
Definition
-Trace Delay
-Deliberate forgetting
- Information either is not there or it is there but can't be retrieved
Term
Distinguish proactive and retroactive interference.
Definition
Proactive: old memories interfere with the recall of new info
Retroactive:
Term
What did Lashley demonstrate about memory?
Definition
There is a direct tie to the brain
Term
Who used CVCs to study forgetting?
Definition
Ebbinghaus
Term
What is SQ4R?
Definition
1)Survey
2)Question
3)Read
4)Recite
5)Review
6)Rewrite
Term
What are the key skills in note taking?
Definition
1) phonology
2) Syntax
Term
What are the three levels of grammar?
Definition
Phonemes
Term
What is the smallest meaningful unit of speech?
Definition
Mistakenly modifying or connecting irregualar words. shows that it isn't just trial and error
Term
What is the language-acquistion device?
Definition
hypothetic module of the brain that accounts for a child's innate predisposition for language acquisitionWhat
Term
What is the Whorfian(the language-relativity) hypothesis?
Definition
If you don't have a word for it, you can't understand it.
Term
What is the 'g' factor of intelligence?
Definition
A general factor of intelligence that affects other areas of intelligence
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