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-63% of all psych majors are women.
-Fourth fastest growing job. |
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-Most famous psychologist (1400 citations on average per book).
-Believes we are driven by sex and violence.
-Believes children are attracted to moms, but cant be with them because of dads, so they hate their dads. |
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-Second most famous psychologist.
-Believes Freud is WRONG.
-We are controlled through reward and punishment. |
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| Believes people are born good and that we WANT to help people. |
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| Universal Normal Human Motivation Feelings |
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1. Hunger and Thirst
2. Disgust/Rejection of Things
3. Curiosity
4. Fear
5. Anger/Want to Fight
6. Sexual Motivation
7. Mothering/Tender Care for the Young
8. To be with Others/Seek Company
9. To Dominate/Self-Assert
10. To be Submissive/Inferiority
11. Construction/To Make Things/Ideas
12. To Acquire Things/Desires |
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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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a. Crowding and Territorial
b. Noise Pollution
c. Personal Space
d. Vandalism
e. Behavioral Medicine
f. Sports Psychology
g. Military Psychology |
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(Environmental Psychology)
-Includes addictions and eating disorders. |
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| A false need - one thinks they need it; forms a dependency. |
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(Environmental Psychology)
-Self-Handicap: saying you will not do well so that if you don't, you still have your self-image, and if you do you will have your self-image. |
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(Sports Psychology)
-Lots of mental and physical strength/vigor.
-Extroverts/Outgoing.
-Show anxiety BEFORE the test or game, but not during. |
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(Environmental Psychology)
-Effective Platoon Sergeants:
a. Transactional Reward/Leadership: leaders will say when you do well and instill shared values. Reward. |
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-Gifted Children (high IQ and performance)
-Learning Disabilities (learning ability is lower than IQ)
-Moral Development |
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| Lifespan changes in behavior. |
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| Serve as expert witnesses in court, and work with the legal system. |
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| Major Characteristics of Psychologists |
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-Scientific
-Curious
-Comprehensive
-Pragmatic
-Practical/Try to solve every day problems. |
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| Goals of Experimentation and Psychology |
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1. Describe Behavior
2. Explain Behavior
3. predict Behavior
a. Positive Correlation
b. Negative Correlation
c. Zero Correlation
4. Control Behavior |
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| Key Principles of Experimentation Approach |
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-Systematic Variation
a. Give the independent variable and nothing else to one group.
-Control
a. Compare to experimental group.
-Replication
a. Repeat. Check results.
-Blinding
a. Single or double (experimenter and subject both do not know who received the independent variable).
- Correlation
a. Does no necessarily mean causation. |
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| 1947: Nuremberg Code of Ethics |
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-1953: APA made an ethical code (8 rules total)
-EXPERIMENTER must decide whether or not a subject in a planned study is at risk. |
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| Ethics for Animal Research |
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| Effects of the brain on behavior. |
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| All or None Action Potential |
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| A neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever it's action potential is triggered. |
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| The Absolute Refractory Action Potential |
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| A phase following firing when the neuron's action potential cannot be triggered. |
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| The Relative Refractory Action Potential |
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| A phase following the Absolute Refractory period when a neuron will fire in response to STRONGER THAN USUAL messages. |
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| (Behavioral Genetics) Is it environment or genetics? Genetics. |
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| (Behavioral Genetics) Pioneering studies with rats and mice in behavioral genetics have shown that aggression can be inherited. |
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| (Behavioral Genetics) Seems to be environmental, not genetic, due to tests putting African Americans in the same socio-economic, familial, etc. levels. |
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| Common Technique in Physiological Psychology |
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| Lesion the Brain: destroying the brain with a DC current, then observing. |
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-Occipital: vision.
-temporal: audition.
-Parietal: touch (sensation and muscle feedback).
-Frontal: inhibition. |
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| Important Recent Discoveries in Physiological Psychology |
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| The discovery of Enkephalins: |
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| Recent Discoveries in Physiological Psychology |
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| Discovery of Enkephalins: natural painkillers produced in the brain that dampen feelings of pain. |
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-Characterized by...
a. Loss of memory.
b. Dysfunction in basic functions.
-Usually in older people.
-Diagnosis by exclusion.
-Caused by...
a. Genetics (Chromosome 21).
b. A-beta protein that is produced and kills tau proteins. the tubula collapses in, neurons die, patients can't function, death.
-No cure, but symptoms can be treated. |
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-Genetic disorder that causes uncontrollable motor movements and ticks.
-Leads to strokes, which eventually leads to death.
-Due to codons in genes, and if you have 40 or more it is CERTAIN that you have the disease. -Related to Tourette's Syndrome. |
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-The occurrence of sudden screams and ticks when the patient becomes excited in any way.
-Due to a lack of Dopamine (DA).
-Copralallia occurs: uncontrollable repetition of what one hears. |
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-An investigation structured to answer questions about the world in a systematic and inter-subjective (confirmed by others) fashion.
-A search for empirical evidence. |
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| In research, an animal whose behavior is used to derive principles that may apply to human behavior. |
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| Altering conditions that influence behavior. |
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-Any false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is offered as an explanation oh behavior.
a. Tarot Cards
b. Astrology
c. Palm Readings
d. Phrenology
e. Graphology
f. |
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-The tendency to believe generally positive or flattering descriptions to oneself.
-Used in the context of horoscopes, etc. |
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| Fallacy of Positive Instances |
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| -The tendency to remember or notice information that further one's expectations while forgetting discrepancies. -Used in the context of horoscopes, etc. |
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-A tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if they are stated in general terms.
-Barnum=famous circus showman.
-Used in the context of horoscopes, etc. |
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| The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements. |
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| The school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environment. |
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| The school of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior. |
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| An approach that combines behavioral principles with cognition (perception, thinking, anticipation) to explain behavior. |
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| A school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts. |
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