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Definition
| The subjective awareness of internal and external events |
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Definition
| the internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning |
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Definition
| Different auditory messages are presented separately and simultaneously to each ear. Subject must repeat one message while ignoring the other |
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Definition
| In loud room, you focus on one message and ignore others; if you hear your name, you realize it |
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Definition
| fast and effortless processing that requires little or no focused attention |
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Definition
| a complex disorder of attention where you ignore things that appear on one side of body (usually left) |
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Definition
| a psychological disorder marked by difficulty in concentrating or in sustaining attention for extended periods |
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Definition
| biological activities that rise and fall in accordance with a 24-hour cycle |
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Definition
| brain structures that schedule rhythmic variations in bodily functions by triggering them at appropriate times |
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Definition
| the pattern of brain activity observed in someone who is in a relaxed state |
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Definition
| the pattern of brain activity observed in stage 1 sleep |
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Definition
| The pattern of brain activity observed in stages 3 and 4 sleep; characterized by synchronized slow waves; also called slow-wave sleep |
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Definition
| A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and low-amp. irregular EEG patterns resembling those found in the waking brain; associated with dreaming |
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Definition
| tendency to increase time spent in REM sleep after REM deprivation |
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Definition
| according to Freud, te actual symbols and events experienced in a dream |
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Definition
| according to Freud, the true psychological meaning of dream symbols |
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Term
| activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| the idea that dreams represent the brains attempt to make sense of the random patterns of neural activity generated during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic condition marked by difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep, lasting for a period of at least one month |
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Definition
| a chronic condition marked by excessive sleepiness |
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Definition
| a rare sleep disorder characterized by sudden extreme sleepiness |
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Definition
| frightening and anxiety-arousing dreams that occur primarily during the REM stage of sleep |
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Definition
| terrifying experiences, which occur mainly in children, in which the sleeper awakens suddenly in an extreme state of panic |
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Definition
| the sleeper arises during sleep and wanders about |
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Definition
| drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| an adaptation made by the body to compensate for the continued use of a drug, such that increasing amounts of the drug are needed to produce the same physical and behavioral effects |
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Definition
| a condition in which one experiences a physical or a psychological need for continued use of a drug |
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Definition
| Physical reactions, such as sweating, vomiting, changes in heart rate, or tremors, that occur when a person stops taking certain drugs after continued use |
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Definition
| A class of drugs that slow or depress the ongoing activity of the central nervous system |
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Definition
| A class of drugs that increase central nervous system activity, enhancing neural transmission |
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Definition
| A class of drugs that reduce anxiety, lower sensitivity to pain, and elevate mood; act to depress nervous system activity |
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Definition
| A class of drugs that tends to disrupt normal mental and emotional functioning, including distorting perception and altering reality |
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Definition
| A form of social interaction that produces a heightened state of suggestibility in a willing participant |
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Definition
| The supposed enhancement in memory that occurs under hypnosis; there is little if any evidence to support the existence of this effect |
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Definition
| A hypnotically induced splitting of consciousness during which multiple forms of awareness exist |
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Definition
| A technique for self-induced manipulation of awareness, often used for the purpose of relaxation and self-reflection |
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Definition
| A technique for self-induced manipulation of awareness, often used for the purpose of relaxation and self-reflection |
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Definition
| The differences people show in their ability to perform tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of psychological tests to measure the mind and mental process |
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Definition
| A statistical procedure that groups together related items on tests by analyzing the correlations among test scores |
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Term
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Definition
| general intelligence; according to Spearman, a general factor, derived from factor analysis, that underlies or contributes to performance on a variety of mental tests |
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Term
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Definition
| specific intelligence; according to Spearman, a specific factor, derived from factor analysis, that is unique to a particular kind of test |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural ability to solve problems, reason, and remember; uninfluenced by experience |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| the knowledge and abilities acquired as a result of experience |
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Definition
| The notion proposed by Howard Gardner that people possess a set of separate and independent "intelligences" ranging from musical to linguistic to interpersonal ability |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence; it proposes three types of intelligence; analytical, creative, and practical |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to represent problems in the right way and generate effective strategies for solutions |
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Definition
| create, invent, and discover |
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Definition
| how well people can take ideas and put them into everyday practice |
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Definition
| Psychological tests that measure your current level of knowledge or competence in a particular subject |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological tests that measure your ability to learn or acquire knowledge in a particular subject |
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Definition
| A measure of the consistency of test results; reliable tests produce similar scores or indices from one administration to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| an assessment of how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure. |
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Term
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Definition
| assesses the degree to which the test samples broadly across the domain of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| assesses how well the test predicts some future criterion |
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Term
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Definition
| assesses how well the test taps into a particular theoretical construct |
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Definition
| keeping the testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures similar across all administrations of a test |
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Term
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Definition
| the chronological age that best fits a child's level of performance on a test of mental ability |
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Term
| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| mental age divided by chronological age and then multiplied by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| an intelligence score that is derived from determining where your performance sits in an age-based distribution of test scores |
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Term
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Definition
| a label generally assigned to someone who scores below 70 on a standard IQ test, although other factors, such as one's ability to adapt to the environment, are also important |
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Term
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Definition
| a label generally assigned to someone who scores above 130 on a standard IQ test |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to perceive, understand, and express emotion in ways that are useful and adaptive |
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Term
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Definition
| unspoken practical knowledge about how to perform well on the job |
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Term
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Definition
| a mathematical index that represents the extent to which IQ differences in a particular population can be accounted for by genetic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| A criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| A criterion of abnormality stating that a behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society |
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Term
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Definition
| a criterion of abnormality stating that abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress or emotional upset |
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Term
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Definition
| a breakdown in normal functioning; abnormal behaviors are those that prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal term usually defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legal or moral sense, at the time of a crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease," which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy |
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Term
| diagnostic labeling effects |
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Definition
| the fact that labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfillingprophecies; the label may make it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, and it may actually increase the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| excessive worrying, or free-floating anxiety, that lasts for at least six months and that cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition marked by recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder that causes and individual to restrict his or her normal activities; someone suffering from agoraphobia tends to avoid public places out of fear that a panic attack will occur |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder that manifests itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly focused fear of a specific object or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| intense fear of being watched, judged, and embarrassed in social situations |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders that focus on the physical body |
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Term
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Definition
| a long-lasting preoccupation with the idea that one has developed a serious disease, based on what turns out to be a misinterpretation of normal body reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| a long-lasting preoccupation with body symptoms that have no identifiable physical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of real physical problems, such as blindness or paralysis, that seem to have no identifiable physical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of disorders characterized by the separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological disorder characterized by an inability to remember important personal information |
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Term
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Definition
| a loss of personal identity that is often accompanied by a flight from home |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| a condition in which an individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities (aka multiple personality disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of mood disorder characterized by depressed mood and other symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of mood disorder in which the person experiences disordered mood shifts in two directions - from depression to a manic state |
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Term
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Definition
| a disordered state in which the person becomes hyperactive, talkative, and has a decreased need for sleep; a person in a manic state may engage in activities that are self-destructive or dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of disorders characterized by fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic or enduring patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning |
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Term
| paranoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by pervasive distrust of others |
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Term
| dependent personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by an excessive and persistent need to be taken care of by others |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by little, if any, respect for social laws, customs, or norms |
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Term
| borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by problems with emotional regulation, social relationships, and sense of self |
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Term
| bio-psycho-social perspective |
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Definition
| the idea that psychological disorders are influenced, or caused, by a combination of biological, psychological (cognitive), and social (environmental) factors |
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Term
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Definition
| a general sense of helplessness that is acquired when people repeatedly failed in their attempts to control their environment; learned helplessness may play a role in depression |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically based treatments for reducing or eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| medications that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| medications that modulate the availability or effectiveness of the neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| medications that reduce tension and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| medications that reduce tension and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| treatments designed to give clients self-knowledge, or insight, into the contents of their thought processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's method of treatment that attempts to bring hidden impulses and memories, which are locked in the unconscious, to the surface of awareness, thereby freeing the patient from disordered thoughts and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used in psychoanalysis to explore the contents of the unconscious; patients are asked to freely express whatever thoughts and feelings happen to come into their minds |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, a patient's unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert or hinder the process of therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the patient's expression of thoughts or feelings toward the therapist that are actually representative of the way the patient feels about other significant people in his or her life |
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Term
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Definition
| treatments designed to remove irrational beliefs and negative thoughts that are presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of cognitive therapy in which the therapist acs as a kind of cross-examiner, verbally assaulting the client's irrational thought processes |
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Term
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Definition
| treatments designed to help clients gain insight into their fundamental self-worth and value as human beings |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of humanistic therapy proposing that it is the client, not the therapist, who holds the key to psychological health and happiness; the therapist's role is to provide genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of therapy in which several people are treated simultaneously in the same setting |
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Definition
| a form of group therapy in which the therapist treats the family as whole, as a kind of social system. The goals of the treatment are often to improve interpersonal communication and collaboration |
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Term
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Definition
| treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a technique that uses counterconditioning and extinction to reduce the fear and anxiety that have become associated with a specific object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| a treatment for replacing a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus, such as alcohol, with something negative, such as feeling nauseated. Aversion therapy replaces positive associations with negative ones, such as making a smoker feel bad rather than good after having a cigarette |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of behavioral therapy in which patients are rewarded with small tokens when they act in an appropriate way; the tokens can then be exchanged for certain privileges |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical technique used to compare findings across many different research studies; comparisons are based on some common evaluation measure, such as the difference between treatment and control conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| improvement in a psychological disorder without treatment - that is, simply as a function of the passage time |
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