Term
| The textbook describes a famous participant, S.F., who was able to memorize 84 digits even though his memory for letters was still only about seven items. This study made the point that |
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Definition
| a. chunking is a valuable memory strategy. |
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Term
| Renaldo is part of a family of acrobats that performs at the circus. When he performs his maneuvers, Renaldo is likely to find ________ memory to be most useful to him. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| You are at a crowded party. A woman waves to you from across the room. You know she looks familiar, but you can’t quite figure out who she is. Finally, it dawns on you: it’s your dentist’s assistant. Your memory difficulty can probably be explained by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Research with PET scans suggests that the encoding and retrieval of episodic information takes place in ________ of the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carol is a researcher working with a patient who has suffered damage to his hippocampus. She would like to see if her patient can remember Carol’s name. Carol wants to use a technique with the best possibility of showing positive evidence of memory. She should ask her patient |
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Definition
| c. to say what name first comes to mind to complete “Ca______.” |
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Term
| In research on eyewitness memory, did warning people that post-event information was misleading eliminate its effect? |
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Definition
| d. No—even with the warning, post-event information has an effect. |
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Term
| Charlie was attending his tenth high school reunion. He was disappointed when he entered the room because no one seemed to ________ his face. Of course, he had grown a mustache and beard since high school. Perhaps the ________ weren’t good enough. Charlie decided to go back to his hotel room and shave. |
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Definition
| a. recognize; retrieval cues |
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Term
| Josef and Kirsten are in a class in which eight students must make a presentation each day. Kirsten hopes the professor will remember her presentation well. Josef prefers that the professor forgets his presentation. Kirsten is thinking, “Please let me go ________.” Josef is thinking, “Please let me go ________.” |
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Definition
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Term
You walk into a classroom at the end of a lecture. On the blackboard you see: _el_p__ne pleetheon tel______
You suspect that the lecture was on tests for ________ priming in ________ memory. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Your friend Doug doesn’t believe that the mental processes used to encode information have much of an effect on retrieval. You should give him a brief summary of research on |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Andre wants to learn how to play tennis, so he goes to his friend Jimmy for some instruction. Jimmy has been playing tennis for a long time, but he finds it difficult to put into words what Andre needs to do. The problem is most likely that |
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Definition
| a. Jimmy doesn’t have conscious access to the content of his procedural memory. |
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Term
| You are trying to find out from a friend whether a particular piece of information he can recall is an episodic memory or a semantic memory. A good question to ask would be, |
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Definition
| b. “Do you remember the context in which you acquired the information?” |
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Term
| Timmy is getting ready to leave for school. Of these four questions his mother asks him, which is a metamemory question? |
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Definition
| c. Will you remember to bring your report card home tonight? |
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Term
| You go to an international cat show that includes a large number of breeds you’ve never seen before. It’s likely that by the end of the day, there would be subtle changes in your ________ for the category of cats. |
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Definition
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Term
| On Friday afternoon you memorized a poem. On Monday morning, you discover that you’ve completely forgotten it. You wonder if it will be easier to learn a second time around. The research of ________ is most directly relevant to this question. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| George Sperling’s comparison between a whole-report and partial-report procedure allowed him to conclude that iconic memory |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following was a conclusion from Karl Lashley’s studies in search of the engram? |
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Definition
| b. Memory was not affected by the location of the tissue that was removed. |
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Term
| For a memory experiment, participants are asked to read a story called, “A Visit to the Doctor.” The story includes the sentence, “Velma had to wait for a while to see the doctor.” An hour later, participants had to try to recall the story word for word. Which of the following sentences shows the LEAST evidence that a participant used his or her schema to reconstruct the sentence? |
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Definition
| c. Before she could see the doctor, Velma had to wait a while. |
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Term
| You ask your friend Kermit to name the three mental processes required for memory. He tells you that he used to know but now he can’t remember. If Kermit’s report is accurate, his difficulty is with |
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Definition
|
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Term
| It is best to think of short-term memory as a(n) |
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Definition
| c. process that brings representations into focus. |
|
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Term
| Virginia is participating in an experiment that replicates Sperling’s study of iconic memory. A visual display of three rows of letters is presented to her very briefly, then a tone is presented to her immediately after the letters. The purpose of the tone is to |
|
Definition
| b. signal which row she should report. |
|
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Term
| Sure of your ability to remember a phone number without writing it down, you get the phone number of the shoe store from the operator. Just then, a loud siren that lasts approximately 18 seconds and prevents you from rehearsing the phone number. Which of the following statements is most accurate about your ability to remember the phone number? |
|
Definition
| d. You will probably forget the whole number. |
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Term
| Which of these is a feature that differentiates human memory search from most Web searches? |
|
Definition
| a. Human searches use concepts rather than words as retrieval cues. |
|
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Term
| Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others? |
|
Definition
| d. visuospatial sketchpad |
|
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Term
| Participants are given a list of paired words to learn (e.g., phone—yellow), and told they only have to remember the second word of the pair. Later, they are asked to either recognize whether the second word appears on the list they generate, or recall the second word given the first word of the pair. If the performance of these participants is similar to the performance of the participants in Endel Tulving and Donald Thomson’s study, performance will be |
|
Definition
| c. the same for both recognition and recall tasks. |
|
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Term
| The finding that participants typically leave out the word “Liberty” when drawing a picture of a U.S. coin best illustrates the point that |
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Definition
| c. schemas tend to be inaccurate. |
|
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Term
| A researcher is studying the serial position effect. She has participants read a list of unrelated words in order, then tests their memory for the words. If she were to draw a graph illustrating the probability of correct recall as a function of the position of the item on the list, the results would look most like |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Howard is a hypochondriac. He is always worried about having some terrible health problem. One day, he notices that he has trouble remembering facts, dates, names, and memories of emotional significance. You can expect that Howard will believe that he is experiencing problems with his |
|
Definition
| a. amygdala and hippocampus. |
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Term
| Josh waits until the last minute to study for tests. When you ask him why he does this, he says that Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve showed a rapid initial loss of memory, followed by a gradually declining rate of loss. Is Josh’s description of the curve correct? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Ollie thinks that an orange is a typical fruit and that a coconut is an atypical fruit. It is most likely that he has come to this conclusion because |
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Definition
| a. oranges share more features with the prototypical member of the category than do coconuts. |
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Term
| When Jacob moved, he found it difficult to remember his new telephone number. Two years later, he can’t remember the old one when he tries to. The difficulties that Jacob has had remembering his telephone numbers can be attributed to |
|
Definition
| d. first proactive interference and now retroactive interference. |
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Term
| At the grocery store you notice a woman looking at various parts of her body and then picking up certain grocery items. Curious about her behavior, you ask her what she is doing. She says that she prefers not to use shopping lists, but rather “stores” the items she needs by imagining they are located in different parts of her body. This woman is using the mnemonic device known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Suppose you wanted to carry out a memory experiment on priming. You would be most likely to assess the effect that |
|
Definition
| a. a prior experience with a word has on a later experience. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| d. is a memory for personally experienced events. |
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Term
| Alfred is taking an intelligence test. One of the items requires him to listen to a list of numbers several times, then repeat as many as he can in the order that they were presented. It sounds like Alfred is being given a test of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In one of the studies of Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues, participants were shown a film of an automobile accident. A week later, it was found that the participants’ memory of whether they had seen broken glass after the accident was influenced by |
|
Definition
| c. the words used to describe the impact of the two cars. |
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Term
| Jan and Dean are discussing the test they just completed. They feel confident that they answered some of the questions correctly, but both feel uncertain about other questions. Research on these “feelings-of- knowing” has shown that |
|
Definition
| a. such feelings are generally accurate. |
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Term
| Lim is a music major, and Tan is an engineering major. Both go to the same lecture about genres of music. Afterward, they find that they both remember about the same amount of information from the lecture. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for their equal recall performance? |
|
Definition
| b. Tan is a high-span individual. |
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Term
| The last time they were in the city, Sandy and Dennis had a great time at a restaurant, but now they can’t remember its name. Sandy is looking at the restaurant listings in the telephone book in the hope that seeing the name will jog her memory. The procedure Sandy is using is similar to a ________ test of memory. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Margot’s abilities were definitely affected by the accident. Although she could still manage to dress herself and make her own meals, at the end of the day she could not remember what she had done. She also had trouble remembering where things were kept, and sometimes even forgot the names of her children. Margot seems to be having the LEAST problem with her ________ memory. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Memory for information, facts and events is _____________while memory for how things get done is known as _____________. |
|
Definition
| a. declarative; procedural |
|
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Term
| Ebbinghaus was an early memory researcher. When studying the recall of nonsense syllables he found the learning curve’s shape, |
|
Definition
| c. decreased rapidly then reached a plateau |
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Term
| Which of the following memory systems contain iconic memories? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| George Miller suggested the “magic” number for memory capacity in STM was, |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Joan was a foreign exchange student in Germany. When she called home her first Christmas, she momentarily forgot her native English and lapsed into German. This type of forgetting is due to |
|
Definition
| b. retroactive interference |
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Term
| Research has suggested that you have cognitive processes that try to detect potential speech errors. That’s why you are LEAST likely to produce a spoonerism based on the words |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You present participants in an experiment with this syllogism:
Premise 1: All mammals walk. Premise 2: Whales are mammals. Conclusion: Whales walk.
You find that your participants are reluctant to accept “Whales walk” as a valid conclusion. This is a case of ________ at work. |
|
Definition
| a. the belief-bias effect |
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Term
| You are visiting New York City for the first time. You stop a man on the sidewalk and ask for directions to the Empire State Building. The man responds, “How well do you know Manhattan?” He is probably trying to figure out whether you share |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If you must solve problems regularly, it is a good strategy to practice the components of a complex solution because then |
|
Definition
| d. those components will take up fewer resources. |
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Term
| If you have reached your attentional limits, it could be because you are trying to carry out too many ________ processes. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The monkeys that were part of Cheney and Seyfarth’s research seemed to |
|
Definition
| b. be able to modify danger calls depending on their audience. |
|
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Term
| Which of the following would be an appropriate representation for The dog pushed the cat off the mat? |
|
Definition
| c. PUSH (dog, OFF (cat, mat)) |
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Term
| Which of Bob’s beliefs about language understanding is NOT correct? |
|
Definition
| a. Nonliteral language is always harder to understand than literal language. |
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Term
| Which of these statements was NOT true of language and evolution? |
|
Definition
| b. Chimps can produce spoken language. |
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Term
| Martha tells you that she is trying to study stimulus categorization using Donders’s logic. You would expect her to try to create two experimental tasks |
|
Definition
| c. that differ by only one mental process. |
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Term
| You want to buy a new car. You think the car dealer may try to cheat you. Which of the following questions suggests that he is trying to use the anchoring bias against you? |
|
Definition
| d. “What’s the most you think someone would pay for a car this beautiful?” |
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Term
| Which of these is essential for successful inductive reasoning? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Andy wants Ellen to bet on the contents of a paper bag. Andy tells Ellen that he’s just been at the grocery store and has picked up some supplies to make juice. Andy gives Ellen the four options listed below. Ellen can bet five dollars. If she guesses what’s in the bag, Andy will give her ten. If Ellen is able to overcome the effects of representativeness, she will bet on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT an accurate conclusion from research on visual representations? |
|
Definition
| a. Mental rotation has very different properties than does physical rotation. |
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|
Term
| Studies in which participants are asked to scan visual images for information have suggested that |
|
Definition
| c. people scan visual images as if they were scanning real objects. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT an explanation for decision aversion? |
|
Definition
| b. People like having other people make decisions for them. |
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Term
| You are hearing a debate between an executive and an environmentalist about whether a new factory should be built. The executive emphasizes how many new jobs will be created. The environmentalist emphasizes how much plant and animal life will be lost from the pollution. The issue is going to be decided in an election. Each debater is trying to influence your vote by |
|
Definition
| b. having you adopt a particular decision frame. |
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Term
| While you are watching a movie on television, you see an advertisement for the soft drink Poopsie during every commercial break. The next day a friend asks you what you need at the store. You ask her to buy you some Poopsie. You might be able to explain this request, in part, by virtue of the ________ heuristic. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When Sam said, “I wish we had a hammer,” Diane took off her shoe and handed it to him. Diane was able to overcome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Researchers on problem solving are most likely to use think-aloud protocols to learn about |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Imagine that you are a teacher. You would like to help your students improve their problem solving skills, and you know that analogical problem solving is a useful technique. One difficulty you are likely to face is that your students |
|
Definition
| a. do not always see the relevance of past problems. |
|
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Term
| If you were a research assistant to a cognitive psychologist, you would be LEAST likely to be helping to collect data on the |
|
Definition
| b. development of conditioned fear. |
|
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Term
| You are asked to read the sentence, “The cart that was in the driveway was colored bright red.” Based on the research with propositional representation in memory, will the words cart and red be represented in memory together? |
|
Definition
| a. No, because they are very far apart in the actual structure of the sentence. |
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Term
| Which of the following statements would Edward Sapir most likely have uttered? |
|
Definition
| a. “Differences in language create differences in thought.” |
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Term
| The Monk Puzzle, which is presented in the textbook, becomes relatively easy to solve if one uses a ________ representation. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| “Keep your head down, bend your knees, don’t overswing, don’t hold the club too tightly, spread your feet, keep your eyes on the ball!” Sometimes keeping track of all these instructions overwhelms young Jack, who is just learning to play golf. If you want to use research on problem solving to improve Jack’s performance, you should suggest that he |
|
Definition
| a. practice each of his required behaviors separately so that over time they require fewer resources. |
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Term
| Today you are in a happy mood, and all the memories that come to mind are also happy memories. This pattern can be explained by the ________ heuristic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SLIP technique is used in order to study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are part of a study in which you are asked to memorize an image of a 12-story building with a flag on top. Later, you are asked to recall the image and focus on the front door of the building. Which of the following will be true with respect to your visual scanning abilities? |
|
Definition
| b. It will take you somewhat longer to determine that there was a flag on top of the building than to determine there was a shrub next to the front door of the building. |
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Term
| A friend says to you, “I wonder how many number one hits the Beatles had. Do you suppose it was more than 100?” The ________ provides one reason why your answer to your friend’s question may not be accurate. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Martha loves to drive as a way to relax. A psychologist interested in attentional processes would say that the situation that places the greatest demand on Martha’s mental resources is |
|
Definition
| c. Situation C: Martha is driving while her friend is talking and there is construction on the road. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a spoonerism? |
|
Definition
| c. Let me sew you to your sheet. |
|
|
Term
| Sondra became so involved with the vivid descriptions in the novel that she found herself thinking about the characters and setting throughout the day. She could picture their houses, where they worked, what they wore, and even what they looked like. Sondra’s behavior best illustrates |
|
Definition
| d. that verbal descriptions can be used to form visual representations. |
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Term
| Collette has many interests. She is majoring in both psychology and computer science, but also loves philosophy and neuroscience. It sounds as though Collette would find that she is also interested in the interdisciplinary field of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can nonhuman animals learn and use language? Considering the information provided in the textbook, the correct answer to this question is |
|
Definition
| c. it is still an open question. |
|
|
Term
| If a mental process requires attention, it is most likely to be a(n) ________ process. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Sandy expects to get an A in the physics class, while her friend Shasha would be happy with a C. At the end of the semester, they both receive Bs for their course grade. Which of the following scenarios is more likely to happen? |
|
Definition
| b. Shasha will be happy with her grade. |
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|
Term
| Helen Keller’s realization that the word water represents the liquid water underscores the relationship between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only when you are working on a well-defined problem do you know |
|
Definition
| d. the starting conditions, goal, and things you can do. |
|
|
Term
| You have heard that some experimenters at your university are conducting research with apes in an attempt to teach them language. They are working with a species of apes that are nearer to us than the common chimpanzee, called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is often difficult to carry on more than one _______________ process because it requires more resources and more attention. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Language users have judgments of common ground based on all of the following EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The statement, “We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation”, reflects the premise of which theory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problem solving often involves the use strategies or rules-of-thumb called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the help of ________________ reasoning, we can draw conclusions that are intended to follow logically from two or more statements or premises |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At a job fair, you hear a presentation by a psychologist who is interested in the measurement of psychological functioning. She says that she uses statistical analysis, test construction, and her understanding of psychological processes in her work. Her account best describes the field known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You take an “intelligence” test on the Web. You are told that you got a 43. In the absence of ________, this number is meaningless. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research demonstrates that a group of racetrack regulars were able to handicap horse races with astonishing accuracy, despite their average IQs. In Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory, this research is most relevant to ________ intelligence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sir Francis Galton did NOT originate the idea that |
|
Definition
| c. intelligence could be measured as a ratio of mental to chronological age. |
|
|
Term
| Research has shown a ________association between some forms of mental illness and creativity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have developed a new test intended to measure a person’s emotional stability. After having a large sample of students take the test, you obtain from them lists of their friends. You plan to approach all of these friends and collect their ratings of the original sample students’ emotional stability. If you hope that the students’ test ratings will be highly correlated with their friends’ ratings, you are concerned with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research by Harold Stevenson has demonstrated that Japanese children have much ________ mathematics achievement than U.S. children. People in the United States believe that “innate intelligence” is ________ important than “studying hard.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mental retardation is defined both with respect to ________ and ________. |
|
Definition
| d. IQ scores; adaptive skills |
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Term
| Mrs. Mines and Mrs. Best are bragging about their children. Mrs. Mines says, “Carlos has the most linguistic intelligence in his class.” Mrs. Best says, “Ruth has the most bodily-kinesthetic intelligence in her class.” If the mothers are speaking truthfully, Howard Gardner’s theory would suggest that Carlos might become a ________, and Ruth might become a(n) ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jen is able to solve 27 anagrams in five minutes. Jan solves 6 in the same amount of time. From this pattern, you might suggest that Jen possesses more ________ intelligence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research on emotional intelligence suggests that |
|
Definition
| a. having a higher EQ correlates with having higher quality working life. |
|
|
Term
| Research on the Head Start program suggests that preschool interventions |
|
Definition
| a. cannot overcome many of the negative effects of poverty. |
|
|
Term
| Professor Kaskel is doing an analysis of your performance on her midterm. Although each question is meant to be equally hard, you got 91% of the even-numbered questions right but only 23% of the odd- numbered questions. This pattern suggests that the test has low |
|
Definition
| b. split-half reliability. |
|
|
Term
| With respect to heritability estimates for IQ, it is NOT true that |
|
Definition
| c. they allow researchers to make claims about genetic differences between racial groups. |
|
|
Term
| Jorge is a Latino student who is about to take an IQ test. Jorge may obtain a lower IQ score than some of his white classmates because |
|
Definition
| a. he believes that Latinos generally score poorly on IQ tests. |
|
|
Term
| When Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test, his goal was to |
|
Definition
| d. identify developmentally disabled children for special instruction. |
|
|
Term
| If you took the WAIS-III, all of these scores would be reported to you EXCEPT ________ IQ. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A psychologist gives you a test in which you are asked to think of all the things you can do with a pencil. This is likely to be a test of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are visiting a museum show on theories of intelligence. In one case there is a large red sphere marked g surrounded by many small yellow spheres marked s. It’s likely that this display is on the theory of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT among the primary ethical concerns for psychological assessment discussed in the text? |
|
Definition
| c. Test creators make large profits from over testing. |
|
|
Term
| In Juan’s world at home, listening to and respecting authority are the norms. When Juan enters a classroom where Latino norms no longer apply, he may |
|
Definition
| b. be viewed in a negative fashion by the teacher. |
|
|
Term
| Before Angie begins to take a math test, her professor warns her that she should work extra hard because this is the type of test on which women often do poorly. The professor’s warning |
|
Definition
| b. makes it likely that Angie will be influenced by stereotype threat |
|
|
Term
| Helen was prepared for her history test on ancient Greece. She was therefore surprised when the test she took contained questions on mathematical equations. She should complain that the test had no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true of Binet’s approach? |
|
Definition
| b. He wanted to use test scores to identify children who needed special help. |
|
|
Term
| Based on recent assessments of the Head Start program, it can be concluded that |
|
Definition
| a. good programs can have a positive effect on life outcomes. |
|
|
Term
| Suppose you wanted to use a test of fluid intelligence to test your hypothesis that intelligence changes as people grow older. You should probably choose a test of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these is NOT a feature of highly creative individuals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Francois is seven years old. He has just taken a test of intelligence and has been told his mental age is eight. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| c. His score equals the average score of eight year olds. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a type of component of analytical intellingence in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your friend Larry is looking over a sheet full of numbers and figures. When you ask him what he is doing, he says that he is computing the variation in IQ test scores for college students and later he will identify what portion of this total variance is due to genetic factors. Larry is computing what psychologists call |
|
Definition
| b. a heritability estimate. |
|
|
Term
| Analyses of the effect of social class on IQ suggest that ________ an impact on IQ scores. |
|
Definition
| b. both heredity and environment have |
|
|
Term
| Which statement best summarizes the state of scientific evidence on the role of genetics in the determination of individual and group IQ scores? |
|
Definition
| a. Genetics is important in individual IQ scores, but does not explain racial and ethnic group differences. |
|
|
Term
| According to the authors, emotional intelligence is composed of four major components, which include all of the following EXCEPT the ability to |
|
Definition
| d. safeguard emotional growth over intellectual growth. |
|
|
Term
| Twenty-year-old Lorraine has just finished taking the Block Design test, the Digit Symbol test, and the Picture Arrangement test. She has been working on the |
|
Definition
| b. nonverbal subtests of the WAIS-III. |
|
|
Term
| J.P. Guilford has proposed that there are a combination of contents, products, and _________ that combine to make up the structure of intellect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you wanted to calculate the test-retest reliability of your bathroom scale, you should |
|
Definition
| c. weigh yourself on it several times in succession. |
|
|
Term
| With which researcher did the idea that intelligence scores follow a normal distribution originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carol claims that because IQ has been found to be highly heritable, it means that the IQ differences found among different racial groups must be genetic. Is her logic correct? |
|
Definition
| d. No, because heritability that is based on an estimate within one group cannot be used to interpret differences between groups. |
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Term
| The Cerebral Circumference Index is a measure of intelligence based on the circumference of the head just above the eyebrows. It is most reasonable to assume that the test is |
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Definition
| a. reliable but not valid. |
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Term
| One of the greatest obstacles to using the World Wide Web for accurate assessment would be |
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Definition
| c. standardization of test-taking circumstances. |
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Term
| The formula for IQ can best be expressed as ________ multiplied by 100. |
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Definition
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Term
| The degree to which a test produces a similar score is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are basic features of formal assessment EXCEPT |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the best description of mental age? |
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Definition
| b. the average age at which normal children produce a particular score |
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Term
| If you were asked, “Name all the things you can think of that are square” or “Think of all the uses for a brick”, or “List as many white, edible things you can in three minutes”; you would be engaging in ___________ thinking. |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin believed that emotions were |
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Definition
| a. inherited mental states designed to deal with recurring situations. |
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Term
| Kingston is in a wonderful mood. As he walks down the street with you, he points to all the other people who seem to be having a good time. He may do this as a consequence of |
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Definition
| a. mood-congruent processing. |
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Term
| Cancer patients benefit most from social support which is primarily |
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Definition
| c. positive congruent support—consistent with their desires and needs. |
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Term
| You are participating in an experiment. The researcher has told you to relax and that she will turn on a light on a display in front of you. As you try to relax, you see the light turning on more and more. It’s likely that the experiment is concerned with |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following hormones does NOT play a role in the fight-or-flight response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Research on the psychological aftereffects of catastrophe and trauma has shown that |
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Definition
| c. residual stress may persist after the tragedy, or it may subside. |
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Term
| If you want to decrease the likelihood of caretaker burnout in the health-care system, you could |
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Definition
| d. arrange practitioners’ schedules so they get temporary breaks from patient care. |
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Term
| You are talking to your friend Carlton about his new romantic interest. Carlton says, “Feel how hard my heart is beating. I guess I must be in love.” Carlton’s remark comes closest to the ________ theory of emotion. |
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Definition
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Term
| The major difference between the biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model of health is that the |
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Definition
| b. biopsychosocial model acknowledges the link between the mind and the body. |
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Term
| Charles Darwin did NOT believe that emotions |
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Definition
| a. are vague, unpredictable personal states. |
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Term
| Paul Ekman’s research on the universality of facial expressions revealed that |
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Definition
| c. people from the Fore culture recognized almost all the Western facial expressions. |
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Term
| You think that your friend Rudy has a Type A personality. You worry that his personality will put him at risk for disease because he is so ________ all the time. |
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Definition
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Term
| You are trying to guess if X is from a Western or Syrian culture by watching X’s behavior. The most useful information would be to see if X |
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Definition
| d. expresses strong emotions, such as wailing at a funeral. |
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Term
| Beth has been smoking for several years. She hasn’t done anything concrete yet, but she has started to think seriously about quitting. She is most likely at the ________ stage. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| With respect to the physiology of emotion, the amygdala plays an especially strong role in |
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Definition
| b. attaching meaning to negative experiences. |
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Term
| All of the following are consequences of chronic stress EXCEPT the |
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Definition
| b. greater rate of smoking among sensation-seeking men. |
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Term
| AIDS intervention programs should include training on behavioral skills because people must |
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Definition
| b. be taught how to put safer sex knowledge to use. |
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Term
| How people react to stress relies on interactions between the person, the stressor and ________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| You want to give a friend advice on coping with stress that shows an emotion-focus. Which of the following might you say to her? |
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Definition
| d. “You have to plan ways to distract yourself from the situation.” |
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Term
You walk into a classroom and see this list of questions on the blackboard:
1. What are your personal resources? 2. What are your social resources? 3. What action options are available?
You decide that the lecture was probably about |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Suppose you wanted to test the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion. You would be most likely to |
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Definition
| a. see whether environmental cues are used to help label a participant’s arousal. |
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Term
| After an emergency has passed, the parasympathetic nervous system calms you down by |
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Definition
| d. inhibiting the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
| While playing the “Trivia Game,” you are asked to identify the first modern researcher to investigate the effects of continued severe stress on the body. You should guess that it was |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Alan is trying hard to think about his upcoming final exam as not being much different from the other regular semester tests and that, besides, he is well prepared for the exam. Alan is employing ________ to reduce stress. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When Grandpa Jones smiles at his granddaughter Emi, she responds with a smile. To psychologists, Emi’s response suggests that infants |
|
Definition
| b. may recognize and understand the meaning of an emotion. |
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Term
| In an extensive series of experiments on the “mere exposure effect,” researcher Robert Zajonc demonstrated that |
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Definition
| b. it is possible to have feelings without knowing why. |
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Term
| Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the basic set of emotions identified by Paul Ekman? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| You are given a test to determine what personality type you are, with respect to your health. You’d probably be happiest if the test revealed that you are Type |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Randy is lowering his blood pressure in an unusual manner. He is trying to turn a green light on in a box in front of him. Wires lead from the box to a cuff placed around Randy’s finger. The technique that Randy is using is probably based on |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Researchers argue that the ________ evolved to allow women to ensure the safety of their offspring. |
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Definition
| b. tend-and-befriend response |
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Term
| When you find out that the toy you bought at the store for your child is damaged, you return to the store and angrily demand a refund. This situation illustrates the ________ function of emotion. |
|
Definition
| a. motivation and arousal |
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Term
| All of the following are stages in stable decision-making EXCEPT |
|
Definition
| b. anticipating the outcome |
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Term
| With respect to social support mechanisms, researchers have suggested that |
|
Definition
| a. additional social support is not always helpful. |
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Term
| Donna and Debbie are in the same book club. This week, they are reading a romance novel that is filled with happy and sad parts. Donna is in a happy mood when she reads the novel, and Debbie is feeling sad. How will their moods affect their processing of the novel? |
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Definition
| a. Donna will pay more attention than Debbie to the happy parts. |
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Term
| Chronic stress differs from acute stress in that chronic stress occurs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| You are watching videotapes of people making requests at a grocery store. All other things being equal, you might conclude that the people making the most polite requests were feeling |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Your friend Martha begins to recount all the little hassles that made her day stressful. In keeping with the research on daily hassles, which of the following is she LEAST likely to mention? |
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Definition
| c. Breaking up with her boyfriend. |
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Term
| Titus didn’t get frightened when he passed the graveyard at night unless he started running. When he ran, he got very frightened. Titus’s experience best supports the theory of emotion suggested by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was developed in order to assess |
|
Definition
| d. the degree of adjustment required by pleasant and unpleasant life changes. |
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Term
| Stimulus is to response as |
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Definition
| d. stressor is to stress. |
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Term
| Which brain structure is known as the emotional control center? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which theory of emotion predicts independence between bodily and psychological processes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which nervous system is activated during a fight-or-flight response? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| All of the following are stages of the general adaptation syndrome EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived to be threatening or overwhelming is known as |
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Definition
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