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Psych Test 3
11, 12, 13, 5
123
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/27/2010

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Cards

Term
Study of Development
Definition
Physical, Social, Cognitive Changes over life
Term
Nature vs Nurture
Definition
Strength of Influence
Term
Stability and change
Definition
how much do we stay the same
Term
Continuity and stages
Definition
tree vs butterfly (tree grows gradually... butterfly by stages)
Term
teratogen
Definition
causes birth defects "monster maker"
Term
exposure effect (teratogen)
Definition
depends on genes, stage of pregnancy and amount
Term
habituation
Definition

decreased response to repeated stimulation

(study the length an infant will look at something.. how it responds to the senses)

Term
Reflexes
Definition
involuntary un learned behavior.. grasping rooting sucking and walking
Term
maturation
Definition
reflexes go away and biological growth process
Term
milestones
Definition

steps of maturation.. rolling over, sitting up, crawling, standing, walking

(cross-cultural)

Term
Intelligence
Definition

1. Possession of knowledge and ability to use it adaptively in different environments

2. ability to master info and skills needed to succeed in particular culture

3. Problem-solving skills, ability to adapt and learn from everyday experiences

Term
General Intelligence
Definition
One intelligence that allows all other things
Term
Multiple Intelligences
Definition
Gifted in some areas but not others
Term
Gardener's theory
Definition
8 types of specific intelligences which are independent of each other
Term
Sternberg's Theory
Definition

3 Types of specific intelligences

Analytical- IQ tests, academic

Creative- Novel ideas, use knowledge in novel ways

Practical- Street smarts, common sense

Term
Evidence against Gardner and Sternberg's theories
Definition

Savants-mentally handicapped but have few incredible abilities

Brain Damage- Causes very specific deficits

Term
Emotional Intelligence
Definition
Ability to use your own emotions in adaptive ways and respond to others emotions
Term
Intelligence Tests Prediction
Definition

Does not find out brain size

Shows the number of synapses.. the more the smarter

traits needed for success.. intelligence isn't everything

Term
Brain Parts associated with intelligence
Definition

Frontal lobes- more activity in frontal lobe when working on a task

working memory

Term
Alfred Binet
Definition
The first to test ids and developed the age intelligence correlation
Term
Age Graded Tasks
Definition
Gave a mental age score in chronological ages.. ex a 9 year old chronologically can be mentally 6
Term
Mental Age
Definition
The score given for how smart a person is
Term
Terman
Definition
Created the Stanford binet test (brought it to the US) created IQ
Term
IQ
Definition

Mental age/chronological age X 100

Today=overall score is verbal IQ + performance IQ

Term
Most widely used IQ tests today
Definition
Stanford binet still widely used and in conjunction with the wechsler scale (verbal and performance scores)
Term
Norms
Definition
frequency of scores (how often they repeat)
Term
Normal Distribution
Definition
Scores form a bell shaped curve.. 95% not in extremes
Term
Average IQ
Definition
100
Term
Reliability
Definition
The consistency of scores after age 7
Term
Validity
Definition
does the test measure what its supposed to measure
Term
What age do intelligence tests become reliable and predictive
Definition
7
Term
Giftedness
Definition
unusually high IQ with special abilities and talent... above 130 have good social skills
Term
Retardation
Definition
1% of population.. have an IQ of less than 70 and deficit in living skills (cant have one and not the other)
Term
Genetics and intelligence
Definition

genetics- small influence, introduction of heredity in environment amplifies the effect

twin studies- identical twins are more correlated than fraternal 

Term
Environment and intelligence
Definition

twins raised together had very close scores and raised apart had different scores

adoption- new nurturing environment could lead to a 15 point increase

heritability-extent to which variation in a group is due to genetic factors

if two people are in the same environment it inflates heritability

if two people have the same genes it inflates the environment

Term
Major reasons for the slight ethnic differences observed in average IQ scores
Definition

socioeconomic factors

cross-culture comparisons

privileged vs disadvantaged

Term
Income and IQ
Definition

high income allows for more education and more mental stimulation

poverty factors- nutrition, prenatal care, health care, education, discrimination

Term
Gender and IQ
Definition

overall male and female are the same

males vary more than females

males are at the two extremes (high and low) more

girls better at verbal, males better at math

Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition

Can influence performance, attitudes and self confidence

situation in which anxiety about confirming a stereotype in your group makes you do the work that confirms the stereotype

Term
Motivation
Definition
Need or desire that energizes behavior toward a certain goal
Term
Instinct theory
Definition

all motivation comes from instincts in response to stimuli

Does not account for behavior flexibility

it is automatic, involuntary, and unlearned 

Term
Drive reduction theory
Definition

psychological imbalance produce needs (biological balance requirements) resulting in drives (psychological state to satisfy needs by taking action)

Main Idea- To get homeostasis-body tries to maintain equilibrium

Term
Arousal theory
Definition
general activation level.. everyone has an optimal arousal level and if our level is low then the optimal we will seek out stimuli to achieve the optimal level (works both ways)
Term
Incentive theory
Definition

focuses on external factors.. organisms behave in ways that help them gain positive incentives and avoid negative outcomes/consequences

operant conditioning

Term
Maslow's Hierarchy
Definition

Self Actualization

 Esteem

Love

Safety

Physiological

Term
Maslow's Hierarchy Meanings
Definition

Physiological-Food, water, oxygen

Safety-Money, nurturance

Love/Belongingness- acceptance affection

Esteem-Respect

Self Actualization- Maximizing potential

 

Oversimplified-anorexia defies it

Term
Hunger
Definition

Hunger-the state of wanting to eat

 

Stomach empty, growls

blood-nutrients, hormones, peptides

Term
Satiety
Definition

State of feeling dull or not wanting to eat

 

Stomach empty, growls

blood-nutrients, hormones, peptides

Term
Part of the brain plays a major role in eating and other motivated behaviors
Definition
hypothalamus-rats (regular) and fat rat (overstimulated hypothalamus)
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The normal standard conditions of the body.. the bodies equilibrium
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate
Definition

How much energy is burned while at rest


If you try starvation your BMR will slow down to balance out the smaller amount of food


If you try overfeeding your BMR will increase to balance out the increase in food

(set point)

Term
Set-Point
Definition

Stay at or around the same weight

 

Term
Inborn preferences in regards to food
Definition

biology culture craving

predisposed to like fatty and sweet foods

will eat more in a group than if by yourself

Term

Eating Disorders

(Obesity)

Definition

Problems regulating hunger or eating

Obesity-20% above ideal weight

Term
Causes of Obesity
Definition
Overeating, slow metabolism and environment
Term
Anorexia nervosa
Definition

fear of gaining weight and distorted body image causes self starvation 2-10% mortality rate

90-95% females

85% of what there normal weight should be

Early to mid adolescents-tend to be high achievers with low esteem, depression and anxiety

Term
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition

Eat large quantities of food but purge afterwards by throwing up or laxatives

Binging and Purging

Starts later in life (early 20's)

Usually slightly overweight or normal women

Term
Poor Body image common among women in western culture
Definition

media images

a. playboy centerfold, miss america

b. cumulative and unconscious effect- so used to seeing model women it affects the way you see yourself

c. body dissatisfaction

d. standard of worth

e. ideas of normalcy

Term
Sexual Response Cycle
Definition

Male-excitement, orgasm, resolution and refractory period- cant get an erection with orgasm for some time

Female-Excitement, orgasm, plateau resolution with no refractory period

Term
Role of hormones in human sexual behavior
Definition
Very little influence do not determine or cause sexual behavior
Term
Study of different cultures and Sexuality
Definition

Social and cultural factors are a huge influence.. large variety

Inis beag-sex is negative, clothes on, hate nudity, dont care about female orgasm

Mangaia-kids encouraged to masturbate, instruction for sex, train teens in sex, focus on female orgasm

Sources of arousal- East Eu. armpits are sexy breasts not in every culture etc

Term
Difference between American and European teens sexual behavior
Definition

US less sex than Europe

More pregnancy in US due to less contraceptives

Sex education is more comprehensive in Europe

Parents accept teen sex in Eu.

Term
Sexual orientation
Definition
A person's enduring emotional, romantic and sexual attraction
Term
Evidence supporting biology's large role in orientation
Definition
Older brother effect- solid finding that the more older brothers the more likely to be gay
Term
Belongingness
Definition
Need for affiliation
Term
Experiments on social exclusion
Definition
Put someone in a room with other people then tell them no one picked them for their group.. they then performed worse on the aptitude test
Term
Extrinsic motivation
Definition
You do it because of a reward or to avoid punishment
Term
Intrinsic motivation
Definition
desire because it is inherently enjoyable
Term
Over-justification effect
Definition

extrinsic can replace intrinsic

ex. if your parents start to give you rewards for playing the piano (you already like playing the piano) you will eventually start to not like it as much

Term
how can parents motivate their children?
Definition

encourage challenging tasks

don't focus on failure

praise for performance or trying

Term
factors associated with worker satisfaction and productivity?
Definition

Setting goals

feedback-they need feedback

praise

sense of control- have some input

increase worker satisfaction, increase activity

Term
emotion
Definition
subjective experience that change psychological reactions and behavior
Term
Autonomic nervous system and emotion
Definition

sympathetic division-increases alertness and activation in body

activates-fight or flight-either your going to run cause you fearful or step up bitch

adrenals- release stress hormones

increase respiration etc..

parasympathetic division-bring you down to normal state   

calms, rest, digest

Term
Brain part and emotion
Definition

Limbic systems-amygdale- emotional control, more negative emotions rather than positive 

sends info into the frontal lobe and vice versa

assess environment and emotional significance

Term
James-Lange Theory
Definition

specific patterns of physiological changed (interpreted by brain)

Causes Emotion

Supportive evidence- facial/behavioral feedback hypothesis-face gives info to brain, brain to emotion.. aka pen in mouth theory

Gazing and attraction-stare in eachothers eyes 4 min, and talk 30 min u fall in love

Term
Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition

Nonspecific physiological changes occur at the SAME TIME as emotion

Supportive evidence-trouble labeling emotions

Brain stimulation-emotion without physiological changes

Term
Cognitive Theories
Definition

Schachte and Singers Two factor theory-interpretation of situation and nonspecific arousal LEADS to emotion

Evidence-Transferred excitation (spill over effect)-arousal from one even carries over to the next

Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory-interpretation LEADS arousal and emotion bad grade think about consequences emotion

Term
Facial/Behavioral Feedback Hypothesis
Definition
changes in the face gives info to brain, brain to emotion.. aka pen in mouth theory-pen in mouth less funny than pen in teeth
Term
Polygraph
Definition

Device used to detect lies

measures autonomic changes (blood pressure, pulse, breathing rate, skin conductance)

Problem-doesn't detect lie it detects arousal and emotion

non-specificity-2 diff. emotions can make same result of autonomic changes

individual variations-people can beat it.. if no guilt then no reaction (major criminals) 70% accurate

Not allowed to be used in court

Term
Attribution
Definition
Term
Transferred Excitation (spill over effect)
Definition
arousal from one event carries over to the next
Term
Cognition and emotion
Definition
emotion is possible without cognition.. most include cognition and physiological arousal
Term
Communicating Emotion
Definition
6,000-7,000 different facial expressions in humans
Term
Primary Self-conscious emotion
Definition

surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

innate, cross cultural, even blind and animals, not due to learning

Term
Secondary Self-conscious emotion
Definition

empathy, jealousy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt

show up by age 2

not in animals, not cross culture, not innate

requires self awareness, self conscious emotions

Term
Display rules
Definition
cultural rules for who should display emotion and when (crying at wedding, crying in a movie, men don't cry)
Term
social referencing
Definition
Not sure how to react to a stimuli so we look around to others and copy their reactions
Term
Catharsis
Definition

the release of emotion... it makes you feel better

does not make people less angry in fact makes you more angry

Term
subjective well being
Definition
satisfaction due to life.. lots of positive emotion and few negative emotion
Term
Happiness variation
Definition

Individuals baseline of happiness fluctuates

Some people happier than others

Term
General happiness and genetics
Definition
baseline level of happiness genetic
Term
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Definition
have certain happiness for a while... adjust... then return to the baseline
Term
Piaget's concepts on development
Definition

3 stage theory, kids are active learners and make efforts (moves) to learn the world around them

 

modifications-he underestimated their thinking

uneven progression-not as structured 

Term
Piaget stage 1
Definition

sensory motor stage (birth-2)

limited mental processes

lack object permanence- cant see it, it isnt there

no time concept-don't have concept of time.. live in now

separation/stranger anxiety

Term
Piaget stage 2
Definition

Pre operational period (2-7)

use of symbols-drawing and pretend play

egocentrism-don't realize that no one else sees the world through their eyes

theory of mind-cant take on another's perspectives

cant do mental operations

lack the ability to conserve-dont know that quantity stays the same if appearance changes

Term
Piaget stage 3
Definition

Concrete operational period (7-adolescence)

simple mental operations

hierarchical thinking

Formal operational period (adolescence)

abstract thinking

hypothetical thinking

Term
temperament
Definition

behavioral and emotional response style

the foundation of personality-pushes personality in a direction but does not determine it

relatively genetic

Term
temperament classifications
Definition

easy babies-predictable, easy going, adapt well

difficult babies-negative emotions- don't like new things

slow to warm up babies-in the middle-uneasy at first then settle down

inhibited-fearful, reactive, shy

uninhibited-laid back

Term
attachment
Definition
what causes infant to bond.. food and comfort
Term
Harlow's monkeys
Definition
cloth vs wire mother-cling to cloth mom shows contact comfort greater over nourishment
Term
ainsworth's strange situation test
Definition
if you have a secure attachment the kids will go play and explore then go check in before playing more.. kids will protest if mom leaves
Term
Secure attachment
Definition
explore, play, check in, exhibit moms characteristics
Term
insecure attachment
Definition
cling, hostile, indifferent.. mom unresponsive to kids needs
Term
Authoritarian parenting
Definition

lack warmth, demand unquestionable obedience

 

kids-withdrawn, unfriendly, low self-esteem

Term
permissive parenting
Definition

lots of freedom, no rules, warm

 

kids-immature, dependent, unhappy

Term
authoritative parenting
Definition

demanding but encouraging, set limits but encourage independence, explain reasons through consequences, affectionate

 

kids-competent, happy, responsible

Term
neglectful parenting
Definition

basic needs but uninvolved

 

kids-low self-esteem, low achievement

Term
Gender roles
Definition
behavior, a culture deems appropriate for the different sexes
Term
Condry and Condry study
Definition

jack in the box, different sex different reaction

 

boys-angry

girls- scared

Term
Adolescence
Definition
between childhood and adulthood
Term
Puberty
Definition
beginning of reproductive capabilities
Term
Adolescent vs adult brain
Definition
adolescent centered around conflict between frontal lobes and impulses
Term
Erikson's crisis during adolescence
Definition
identity crisis- turning point when personality and social demand collide... they find out who they are
Term
Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning
Definition

Pre-conventional

Conventional

Postconventional

Stealing drugs for a dying loved one:pre.. will go to jail (consequences)

con.what will others think of it

post..look past it and steal it

Problems-not cross cultural or universal

thinking vs acting-people may not actually act on what they say/think

 

Term
Pre-conventional moral reasoning
Definition
(0-9 years)-avoid punishment and gaining reward.. focus on consequences
Term
Conventional moral reasoning
Definition
(9-early teens)-based on what others think of their actions and gaining approval of others
Term
Post-conventional moral reasoning
Definition
(adults)-few reach this stage... personal standards and concept of justice 
Term
Early adulthood
Definition
(20-39) peak fitness
Term
middle adulthood
Definition
(40-65) self esteem issues, menopause, male climacteric-decline in fertility
Term
late adulthood
Definition
(65-up) loss of sensory activity, brain shrinks, strength decline, immune system decline
Term
how to prevent physical and cognitive decline in old age
Definition
good health, exercise
Term
Happy marraiges
Definition

more positive than negative emotion expressed

like to be intimate, share interest.. communication, trust, work

Term
Generativity
Definition

middle adult, (erikson) looking to produce something to carry on path your death

parenthood vs career-have kids as legacy or something famous from job

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