Term
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Definition
system of units that make reference to situations or events
may distinguish humans from animals |
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Term
| Characteristics of language: |
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Definition
1) Displacement - allows us to think of things far from us in space or time
2) Productivity - we can say anything, even things never said
3) Creativity - infinite possibilities of things that can be said
4) Arbitrariness - language bears no perceptual relationship to objects |
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Term
| Examples of animal language |
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Definition
white-tailed dear raises tail when predators near
bees make figure 8 shapes, sway abdomen to indicate where flowers are |
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Term
| teaching animals language |
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Definition
a) humanize chimps, but not possible because limited by vocal tracht
b) teach ASL to chimps
c)use token system |
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Term
| Language set of rules (4) |
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Definition
1) phonology (200 total, 40 in English) - basic sound units
2) semantics - morphemes are basic meaning units - i.e. boy = one phoneme = that person, boys = 2 morphemes - the person and plural boys' = the word, pluralization, ownership
3) syntax - the ordering of words into sentences and phrases
structure - superficial instantiation of sentence
deep structure - overall meaning
4) pragmatics - knowledge of intentions of other ppl when speaking. expectations of listener -
quality, quantity,relevance and manner) |
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Term
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Definition
| need exposure to language w/in first 10-12 years |
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Term
| Language development in babies |
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Definition
6 mos - babbling
towards end of babbling babies make sounds in the front
2 years - one word sentences or put 2 words together
next 2 or 3 years explosion of language |
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Term
| arguments for innateness in language (5) |
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Definition
1) some areas of brain seem to be dedicated to language
2) critical period
3) children must have language acquisition device b/c not easy to learn language
4) not copying
5) thought comes before language |
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Term
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Definition
1) went
2) learns ed, adds it to go = goed
3) learns irregularities in language, goes back to went |
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Term
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Definition
1) maturation driven by behavior, which is genetic
2) readiness - maturation must occur before experiences can become meaningful
3) critical period - time in which experience/learning must occur
4) stages - behavior devel. into certain level, stays for a period of time than suddenly jumps to another level
5) waves - development more gradual and can overlap |
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Term
| Piaget's stages of cog. dev. |
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Definition
1) Sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence
2) Preoperational (2-7) - egocentrism, failure of conservation
3) Concrete Operational (7-11) - decentration, mastered conservation, hierarchical classification
4) Formal Operational (11+) - abstract thinking, scientific |
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Term
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Definition
increased mental growth based on acquisition of knowledge
chess masters at 10 - experience and expertise effect mental growth, not just cognitive limitations |
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Term
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Definition
| Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism |
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