Term
| how far back does the study of trauma date? |
|
Definition
| Formal study of trauma dates back about 150 years to the beginning of psychiatry. The study comes and goes – the study of trauma can really only happen in an appropriate and supportive socio-political context. |
|
|
Term
| what is society's typical response to trauma? |
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Definition
| similar to the response of the individuals: denial, victim-blaming, and minimization of harm |
|
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Term
| name three examples that herman gave of some social-political contexts that occured to prompt the study of trauma? |
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Definition
| hysteria, combat trauma, sex wars of the 70s and 80s in regards to childhood sexual abuse |
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Term
|
Definition
| amnesia, motor paralysis or involuntary motor movements, problems with sensory systems, emotional outbursts |
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Term
| Who was the first to study Hysteria in the 1800s? What were the positives and downsides of what he was doing? |
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Definition
Jean-Martin Charcot had an asylum transformed into a temple of modern science in Paris. He listened to women because they were useful subjects in the fight between science and the church (did not care about helping them).
Downside: complete focus on physical symptoms, avoided hearing women's stories, no focus on emotions. |
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Term
| What would Janet answer to the question "can hysteria happen to anyone?" What would Freud say? Bauer? |
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Definition
Janet: no, he thought that the capacity for dissociation meant a psychological weakness and only if you had it would you be susceptible.
Freud/Bauer: yes it can happen to anyone |
|
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Term
| What contribution did Freud make to the idea of "hysteria"? |
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Definition
| 1896 Aetiology of Hysteria --> found commonality in his patients that every one of them had been a victim of sexual abuse. Linked sexual abuse to PTSD but abandoned the theory within a year. People thought it was too unbelievable that the "best" people could be perpetrators. He did not have a supportive socio-political context to keep this claim. |
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Term
| What was Freud's reactionary response to people disliking his aetiology of hysteria? |
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Definition
| denied that the sexual abuse occured, blamed victims (they were seductive and abuse was their fantasy) entire oedipus complex theory may be defensive reaction to the unacceptable truth that incest is relatively common |
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Term
|
Definition
national, stratified, random sample of 505 individuals (280 female, 225 male). Found 72 % of people had experienced one or more trauma of any kind.
40% non-interpersonal trauma
27% major motor accidents
23% natural disaster
43% witnessed trauma
25% domestic violence
50% interpersonal violence
23% adult physical assault
6% adult rape
6% adult sexual assault (penetration)
7% child physical assault
20% child physical abuse
23% child sexual abuse
girls abuse is within the family/ longer duration
boys abuse is non-familial and shorter duration
girls at greater risk |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| persistent expectation of danger |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are typical responses to trauma? |
|
Definition
poor social adjustment and interpersonal skills
revictimization
sexual dysfunction or risky sexual behaviors
relationship problems
medical disorders and physical health |
|
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Term
| Emotional responses to trauma? |
|
Definition
alienation
anxiety
fear
depression
hopelessness
anger |
|
|
Term
| positive responses to trauma? |
|
Definition
posttraumatic growth (spiritual, psychological)
creative outlets (works of art, music, literature)
contributing to society and healing of others (Bertha Pappenheim "anna o" |
|
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Term
| Study: Wegman & Stetler 2009 |
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Definition
meta-analysis on the effects of childhood abuse on medical outcomes in adulthood (24 studies, 48,000 participants)
found health outcomes associated with childhood abuse:
cardiovascular health (heart attack, stroke)
respiratory (asthma, bronchitis)
gastrointestinal (hernia, colitis)
metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity)
neurological (migraines)
musculoskeletal (broken bones, arthritis)
could be from direct result of abuse, revictimization, smoking and alcohol as coping mechanisms, or long-term changes to stress response (hormone levels) leading to disease vulnerability |
|
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Term
| Study: Shalev et al (2012) |
|
Definition
trauma changes people's chromosones
length of telomere relates to the longevity of a person --> exposure to violence shortens telomere length |
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Term
|
Definition
| helps therapists and researches identify issues, communicate with each other, and make treatment advances and helps survivors (having a label sometimes normalizes the reaction) |
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Term
|
Definition
Criticized by feminists
Labeling can be stigmatizing
PTSD and other symptoms are normal, almost universal responses to trauma
But symptoms get constructed as “mental illness” and “mental disorder” (Taints and stigmatizes the individual”
Once label has been applied, it can follow person through his/her life
System is not optional in many cases (all insurance companies require a diagnosis for reimbursement)
Only the more severe diagnoses are covered under parity laws (these laws require that mental health issues be covered as fully as physical health issues)
Wealthy people can avoid being labeled and stigmatized; poor and middle class people cannot.
Long history of bias (racial, ethnic, gender, class, sexual orientation) in psychiatric diagnoses
Homosexuality was listed as a mental disorder in DSM until 1974, then replaced by “sexual orientation disturbance” and eliminated in 1986. |
|
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Term
| Disorders related to trauma |
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Definition
PTSD
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Depressive disorders
Aggressive behavior, including anti-social personality disorder |
|
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Term
| Disorders that aren't associated with trauma |
|
Definition
| schizophrenia, bipolar (manic), depression |
|
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
Intense clinging and dependency
Fear of abandonment
self-destructive behavior common
splitting (love/hate, good/bad) flip from one to the other very quickly
abuse history very common
co-occurs with other diagnoses: comorbidity
diagnosed more in women
family history of conflict |
|
|
Term
| DSM categories for Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
5 of 9 of these:
Intense and unstable personal relationships
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
Identity disturbance or problems with sense of self
Impulsivity that it potentially self-damaging
Recurrent suicidal or parasuicidal behavior
Affective instability
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate intense or uncontrollable anger
Transient stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (and DSM criteria) |
|
Definition
HIstory of childhood sexual abuse common, usually "severe, extensive, and sadistic"
Associated with other childhood traumas
Often also meet criteria for PTSD (80%)
DSM:
TWo or more distinct identities or personality states (each with their own enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, thinking about environment and self)
At least two of these identities recurrently take control of the person's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structured separation of mental processes (for example thoughts that can't integrate into the whole)
“Disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment” – DSM definition |
|
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Term
| What diagnoses is dissociation a part of? |
|
Definition
| BPD, DID, PTSD, Acute Stress Disorder |
|
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Term
| Dissociative behavior examples |
|
Definition
behavior that seems outside of voluntary control (tics or involuntary movements)
behavior that seems removed from normal perception or emotion (cutting, self-mutilation, perhaps some perpetration) |
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Term
| qualities of dissociative memories |
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Definition
cannot be called up at will
may spontaneously and intrusively become available (flashbacks)
flashbacks seem qualitatively different than normal memories |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "highway hypnosis" - something is so familiar that you are not consciously attending to it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
makes behavior automatic and frees attention for other tasks
separate emotion and cognition
useful if we need the information but the emotions get in the way
ability to get away from traumatic experience
it is then not "you" who is being abused |
|
|
Term
| Peri-traumatic dissociation |
|
Definition
dissociation during the trauma (which can be adaptive)
rigid, inaccessible to everyday consciousness, often maladaptive |
|
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Term
| Phenomenology of Dissociation |
|
Definition
Depersonalization (sense of detachment form one's physical or psychological being, feeling like someone else is being victimized, feeling unreal, out of body)
Derealization: sense of detachment from social and physical environment, the external world seems strange and unreal, people and places seem unfamiliar or surreal
Profound feelings of unreality
Confusion and Disorientation
Altered body image or feelings of disconnection from your body
Tunnel vision
Altered pain perception |
|
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Term
| Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) |
|
Definition
Focuses on dissociation during or immediately following trauma
Three of five symptoms:
Detachment, numbing, or lack of emotional responsiveness
Decreased awareness of surroundings
Derealization
Depersonalization
Inability to remember significant aspects of trauma |
|
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Term
| Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) |
|
Definition
most widely used
includes range of items from:
common experiences (realizing you didn't hear what someone said while listening to them talk)
more severe symptoms (some people sometimes find writings, drawings, or notes among their belongings that they must have done but cannot remember doing) |
|
|
Term
| Peritraumatic Dissociative Experience Scale |
|
Definition
Designed to measure dissociation at time of trauma, 9 item scale
At time of trauma did you:
lose track or blank out?
act on auto pilot?
time slow down or speed up?
events seem unreal?
feel like you were floating?
disconnect from your body?
experience confusion?
notice things you would normally?
feel pain? |
|
|
Term
| What test do combat vets and child abuse survivors score high on? |
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Definition
| Dissociative Experience Scale (DES) |
|
|
Term
| Peri-traumatic dissociation usually predicts later...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples or CHOSEN dissociation? |
|
Definition
Gelines 1983: woman tried to induce anesthesia in her hands in response to CSA by her stepfather
Herman ch 4: "prisoners frequently instruct one another in the induction of these dissociative states through chanting, prayer, and simple hypnotic techniques" (87-88) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
current view is that it is an anxiety disorder. Classified w/other anxiety disorders in DSM (panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety)
DSM:
Exposure to a traumatic event: experienced or witnessed event involving death, serious injury, or threat to physical integrity. Response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
Intrusion: event is persistently re-experienced in 1 or more of 5 ways (recollections, thoughts, perceptions, dreams, flashbacks, exposure to cues causes intense distress, exposure to cues causes physiological reactions)
Avoidance/ Constriction: Avoidance of stimuli associated w/trauma by 3 or more of 7 ways (avoid thoughts/feelings/convos, avoid activites/places/people, can't recall important aspect of trauma, loss of interest in activities, detachment/estrangement from others, restricted affect, sense of foreshortened future)
Hyperarousal: increased arousal not previously present. two or more of insomnia, irritability/anger, trouble concentrating, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle reflex
Duration MORE THAN 1 MONTH
Distress or impairment in functioning (affects work, relationships, social network, or other areas important to normal functioning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lifetime rates 1-2%, best estimate probably around 3% |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of PTSD in war vets |
|
Definition
2-70%
National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (1990):
of vets in active war operations, 15% current PTSD, 11% had symptoms
Iraq/Afghanistan vets: 11-20% shortly after return, 9% before deployment, med level combat 28%, high level combat 65%. Iraq had more combat than Afghanistan, and more PTSD. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR: magnitude of the stressor: found consistently, combat intensity/duration, dangerousness of rape incident, intensity of torture, extent of injury, perception of threat.
Pre-trauma vulnerability: family history of disorders, gender (Fem high risk), physiological and neuroendocrine factors, personality traits, previous experience.
Preparation for the event: adequate preparation is protective, reduces uncertainty, increases sense of control, teaches automatic responses that will still be there under stress
Immediate and short term responses: peri-traumatic dissociation leads to PTSD, results on "coping" and PTSD
Post-trauma responses: longer term responses, amount of distress post-trauma predicts later PTSD,
Perpetration as predictor: herman and shay both discuss perpetration as a possible risk factor for PTSD, shay stresses this for combat vets. |
|
|
Term
| Study: Maguen et al (2011) |
|
Definition
Study of US Gulf War vets
Found perceived danger, exposure to death, witnessed killing predicted post-traumtic stress symptoms and/or depression
Perpetration as a risk factor: killing predicted PTSS, alcohol use, problem alcohol abuse |
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|
Term
| Definition of torture (from U.N. convention Against Torture) |
|
Definition
| any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. |
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Term
| Why do people get tortured? |
|
Definition
Belong to the "Wrong" political party
Participate in a public demonstration
Being of a different ethnicity or tribe
Voice a dissenting opinion
Suspected of having a different or opposing view
family member may be politically active
material things that others want
wrong place at the wrong time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| profound alteration to sense of safety, profound alteration to ability to trust, deep sense of helplessness; powerlessness; lack of ability to affect the world |
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Term
| Treatment approaches for torture victims |
|
Definition
medical care
medication
psychotherapy
group therapy
yoga and massage
social and employment services
cognitive behavioral therapy (focusing on thoughts and beliefs
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (fostering cognitive and emotional changes)
Pharmacotherapy
Creative Therapies
Group Therapy (homogeneous, acknowledgment and validation of traumatic exposure, normalization of trauma response, utilization of others' presence, non-judmental toward behaviors) |
|
|
Term
| Why does Herman argue that we need a new diagnosis for survivors of prolonged trauma? What is this proposed diagnosis called? What does it entail? |
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Definition
PTSD category does not fully describe the symptoms / responses and other psychiatric diagnoses are not adequate.
Complex PTSD: prolonged childhood abuse, prolonged captivity, ongoing domestic violence). Subjected to totalitarian control over prolonged period. Alterations in: affect regulation, consciousness, self-perception, perceptions of perpetrator, relations with others, and systems of meaning. |
|
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Term
| Complex PTSD criterion - "affect regulation" definition? |
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Definition
| Persistent dysphoria (depression), chronic suicidal pre-occupation, self-injury, explosive or inhibited anger (may alternate) and explosive or inhibited sexuality (may alternate) |
|
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Term
| Herman's Complex PTSD criterion - "consciousness" definition? |
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Definition
| Consciousness: amnesia or hypermnesia for traumatic events, transient dissociative episodes, depersonalization/derealization, reliving experiences, either in the form of intrusive PTSD symptoms or ruminative preoccupation |
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Term
| Herman's Complex PTSD criterion - "self perception" definition? |
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Definition
| Self Perception: Helplessness or paralysis of initiative, shame, guilt, and self blame (not present in PTSD), sense of defilement or stigma, sense of complete difference from others |
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|
Term
| Herman's Complex PTSD criterion - "self perception" definition? |
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Definition
| Self Perception: Helplessness or paralysis of initiative, shame, guilt, and self blame (not present in PTSD), sense of defilement or stigma, sense of complete difference from others |
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Term
| Herman's Complex PTSD criterion - "perceptions of perpetrator" definition? |
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Definition
| Perceptions of Perpetrator: preoccupation with relationship with perpetrator (including preoccupation with revenge), unrealistic attribution of total power ot the perpetrator, idealization or gratitude, sense of special or supernatural relationship, acceptance of perpetrator's belief system. |
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Term
| Herman's Complex PTSD criterion - "relations with others" definition? |
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Definition
| Relations with others: withdrawal and isolation, disruption in intimate relationships, repeated search for rescuer, persistent distrust, repeated failures of self-protection |
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Term
| Herman's Complex PTSD criterion - "systems of meaning" definition? |
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Definition
| Systems of Meaning: loss of sustaining faith, sense of hopelessness and despair |
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Term
| Overlap/Similarities between PTSD and Complex PTSD? |
|
Definition
Isolation/withdrawal and amnesia symptoms
Reliving experiences / intrusion symptom
Anger / Hyperarousal symptom
Also w other diagnoses: depression, DID, BPD |
|
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Term
| What is different about Complex PTSD from PTSD? |
|
Definition
Greater focus on problems with identity
Greater focus on relationships (with perpetrator and others) related to the concept of attachment
Captures most of the symptoms in one diagnosis (rather than the co-morbid diagnoses of major depressions, DID, PTSD, BPD) |
|
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Term
| Current status of "complex PTSD"? |
|
Definition
Not in DSM yet but discussed in research
May result in reduced tendency to victim blame
Potentially useful for clinicians |
|
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Term
| What are the gender differences for PTSD? |
|
Definition
Men experience more traumatic incidents than women (including accidents, physical assault, combat, but less sexual violence)
Women's greater exposure to sexual violence is life long, but gender difference is most pronounced in adolescence and young adulthood.
Women subjectively experience comparable events as more threatening (report more horror, terror, helplessness) - though no gender difference in trauma exposure
Women experience PTSD at higher rates than men - 4X as likely as men to develop PTSD after truamatic events |
|
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Term
| Why would women's PTSD rates be higher? |
|
Definition
Reporting and help seeking differences
More acceptable for women to report problems and seek therapeutic help
Differential treatment in mental health system
Only some studies rely on populations of therapy patients
Also possible sex-based differences in physiological response, gender identity differences, relationships more important part of female identity, pre-trauma gender differences in depression, sexism as chronic trauma? |
|
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Term
| How does culture/ethnicity effect PTSD? |
|
Definition
culture/ethnicity may be both protective AND a risk factor for PTSD (either directly or through factors that correlate with ethnicity)
early life stressor (racism, poverty, witnessing violence, environmental hazard exposure)
Intergenerational and historical trauma (legacy of slavery or genocide, refugee or immigration experiences)
Colelctive trauma (prolonged oppression, victimization or captivity of an entire community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Analysis of Vietnam vets found:
exposure to war stress varied by ethnicity - intensity of exposure function of military occupation specialty (MOS), which varies by SES and ethnicity.
substance abuse increases risk of PTSD (more prevalent w/lower SES) |
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Term
| What was the importance/purpose of the Stoller article? |
|
Definition
Clinicians and therapists are getting traumatized by listening to stories of trauma (mirror neurons, simulation).
Her research is about child abuse and she discovered about herself that she was sexually abused (flashbacks, symptoms of trauma, panic attacks)
Journaling became important to record insights and archive progression and progresses.
Ethnography: being there, sensing, going through a process through which you get something (emphasized in her research)
Self exposure and being reflective as to what happens to you as you do research
Methods to get out of the dark hole of dealing with these issues |
|
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Term
| Herman's three stages of treating trauma? |
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Definition
Finding a safe place (establish security)
Reconstructing what happened (create a narrative that is not fragmented of what happened)
Putting people back into the community setting (create a connection between survivors and their communities) |
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|
Term
| (Herman) what is the dialectic of psychological trauma? |
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Definition
| conflict between will to deny horrible events and will to proclaim them aloud |
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Term
| (Herman) Why does trauma have a "forgotten history"? |
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Definition
Periodically forgotten then reclaimed as issues arise. Such intense controversy that it becomes anathema and leads into realms of the unthinkable and founders on fundamental questions of belief. We must "choose sides" in traumas with victims and perpetrators.
Trauma occurs outside the realm of socially validated reality: it is unspeakable.
Victim's credibility is constantly being challenged. |
|
|
Term
| Which man called related hysteria to dissociation? Which to a "double consciousness"? |
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Definition
Janet called it "dissociation"
Freud and Breuer called it "double consciousness" |
|
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Term
| what is Freud's "talking cure"? |
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Definition
| the idea that stress is relieved by putting trauma into words. Janet called it "psychological analysis", Freud and Breuer called is "abreaction" or "catharsis" and then later the "talking cure" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A British psychiatrist that wrote "Hysterical Disorders of Warfare" and advocated a treatment strategy based on shaming, threats, punishment, and electric shock. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Physician that championed a liberal point of view in the treatment of soldiers: humane, enlightened treatment. had a famous case of Siegfried Sassoon - soldier that denounced war. |
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Term
| In what war did the stigma of stress reactions of combat lessen? How many days of combat did they discover will suffice to break even the strongest soldier? |
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Definition
| World War 2, 200-240 days. |
|
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Term
| When did longitudinal studies of post combat stress start happening? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What contribution did Robert Jay Lifotn and Chaim Shatan (with Vietnam Veterans Against the War) make toward recovery? |
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Definition
| 1970 formed "rap groups" and relived the traumatic experiences of war. |
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|
Term
| What year was post traumatic stress disorder included in the DSM? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is "consciousness-raising" as it pertains to the women's liberation movement of the 1970s? |
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Definition
Creation of a privileged space to overcome the barriers of denial, secrecy, and shame. Purpose to effect social instead of individual change.
Kathie Sarachild: "a challenge of science to scholasticism - to study nature" |
|
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Term
| What is Ann Burgess & Lynda Homstrom's "rape trauma syndrome" ? |
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Definition
| Women experience rape as a life-threatening event, fearing mutilation and death during the assault. Afterwards they get insomnia, nausea, startle, nightmares, and dissociation. |
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|
Term
| Commonality in all terror? |
|
Definition
| intense fear, helplessness, loss of control, and threat of annihilation |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) What immediate physiological effects do threats cause? |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system, concentrated attention, negligence of hunger, fatigue, pain, and intense fear & anger |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) Hyperarousal definition? |
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Definition
| Physiological arousal continues unabated - self preservation on permanent alert. Easily startled, reacts irritably to small provocations and sleeps poorly. Combination of generalized anxiety and specific fears. |
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|
Term
| (Herman) "intrusion" definition? |
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Definition
Relive the event as though it were continually recurring int he present - cannot resume normal course of lives due to repeatedly interrupting thoughts.
Flashbacks in waking states and traumatic nightmares at night.
Traumatic memories lack verbal narrative and context - encoded in vivid sensations and images.
Children utilize "post traumatic play"
Re-enactments are spontaneous unsuccessful attempts at healing. |
|
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Term
| What does Horowitz say about intrusion and the way to resolve the memory of the trauma? |
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Definition
| Trauma shatters inner schemata and can only be solved when the survivor develops a new mental schema for understanding what has happened. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) "constriction" definition? |
|
Definition
System of self-defense shuts down entirely in a state of surrender (like a paralyzed animal in the headlights). Events disconnected from ordinary meaning w/loss of particular sensations.
Time alteration, out of body experience, indifference, emotional detachment, passivity.
Protection against unbearable pain. Becomes maladaptive when the danger is in the past. Interferes with anticipation and planning for the future. Narrows and depletes the quality of life and perpetuates the effects of the traumatic event. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) What is the dialectic of trauma? |
|
Definition
Contradictory responses of intrusion and constriction create oscillating rhythm. Intrusive symptoms emerge most prominently in the first few days or weeks following the traumatic event, abate to some degree within three to six months, and then attenuate slowly over time.
Constraints upon the traumatized person's inner life and outer range of activity are negative symptoms. They lack drama; significance lies in what's missing.
Victims lose a part of themselves and often wish they were dead. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) How does trauma damage the "self"? |
|
Definition
| Secure sense of connection with caring people is shattered, autonomy violated at the basic level of bodily integrity (bodily functions lost), shame, doubt, guilt, crisis of faith (shattered connection with community), STRONG damage when betrayal is involved. Oscillation between withdrawing from and relentlessly seeking relationships. |
|
|
Term
| What do individual personality differences play a part in? |
|
Definition
| the FORM that the disorder takes (does not count for much else because the characteristics of the event itself determines psychological harm) |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) Which three adaptive tasks during adolescence are compromised by trauma? |
|
Definition
| formation of identity, separation from the family of origin, and exploration of a wider social world. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) what effect does social support make in recovering from trauma? |
|
Definition
| Sense of self can be rebuilt through connection with others. Need assurance that they will not be abandoned again. Soldiers that are not separated from their unit do better. Must entail help of others to rebuild positive sense of self. Both harsh criticism and ignorant blind acceptance compound survivor's self-blame and isolation (must listen without ascribing blame) |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) What is the community's role in the recovery of trauma survivors? |
|
Definition
Public acknowledgment and some form of community action is needed. Recognition and restitution necessary to rebuild survivor's sense of order and justice. Soldier's must know whether their actions are viewed as heroic or dishonorable. Community should foster the reintegration of soldiers into civilian life.
Most rapes are not recognized by law, legal system does not protect women from power of men, women who become activists in the anti-rape movement recover better. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) In situations of captivity, what is the perpetrator's first goal? |
|
Definition
| Enslavement of the victim: exercise control of every aspect of their life, demand respect/gratitude/love. Common denominator for all forms of tyranny. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) In a captive situation, how does the perpatrator establish psychological domination? - pg 76 |
|
Definition
| Systematic use of coercive techniques ("seasoning" in prostitution). Organized technique of disempowerment and disconnection. Threats against loved ones, inconsistent and unpredictable outbursts of violence, instill fear of death and gratitude for being alive, scrutiny and control of bodily functions, capricious granting of small indulgences, seek to isolate victims from information, material aid, and emotional support. Deprivation of objects that have symbolic importance. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) In a captive situation, what is the final step that establishes "total surrender"? |
|
Definition
| The victim must violate one's own moral principles and betray her basic human attachments. Most destructive of all coercive techniques because the victim then loathes themselves. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) In the final step of captivity, for battered women how to perpetrator's make women violate their own moral principles? |
|
Definition
| Women often forced into doing sexual acts that they find perverse or disgusting. Some pressured to lie or cover up for their mate. Some participate in illegal activities. Some cajole their children into violence. |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) In the final step of captivity, for political prisoners how to perpetrator's make victims violate their own moral principles? |
|
Definition
Witness atrocities against people they love and asked to stand there. Humiliated by helplessness.
Stage one: prisoners relinquishes inner autonomy, world view, moral principles, or connection with others for the sake of survival. Shutting down of feelings, thoughts, initiative, and judgment. Alternate between periods of passivity and active resistance.
Stage 2: losing the will to live. Suicide would be active, and give the victim a sense of control. Losing the will to live is "absolute passivity" (living dead) |
|
|
Term
| (Herman) Syndrome of Chronic Trauma? |
|
Definition
Self being changed irrevocably
Tension headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, abdominal, back, pelvic sensations, rapid heartbeat, tremors, choking sensations.
No longer recognize connection between bodily distress symptoms and the climate of terror in which these symptoms were formed.
Dissociation, voluntary thought suppression, minimization, outright denial to alter an unbearable reality.
Doublethink
Restricted/Suppressed thoughts
Rupture in continuity between present, past, and future. Lack of integration of trauma into life.
Constant expectation of punishment, sense perpetrator is still present, new people classified as perpetrator, passive witness, an ally, or a rescuer.
Bitterness toward faith
Depression, Hyperarousal, Vegetable state, Dissociation
Anger/rage |
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Term
| (Herman) Describe the abuse environment of a child abuse situation? |
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Definition
Pervasive terror, ordinary caretaking relationships profoundly disrupted. Totalitarian control: violent death threats, capricious enforcement of petty rules, intermittent rewards, destruction of all competing relationships through ISOLATION, SECRECY, and BETRAYAL.
Erratic and inconsistent rules, socially isolated family, intrusion. |
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Term
| (Herman) What is "double think" as it pertains to a child abuse situation? |
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Definition
Must try to attempt to form primary attachments to dangerous caregivers, develop trust, sense of self, capacity for body regulation, capacity for initiative, capacity for intimacy, and an identity.
Go through lengths to construct an explanation for their fate that absolves the parents from blame/responsibility.
Frank denial, voluntary suppression of thoughts, legion of dissociative reactions. |
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Term
| (Herman) what is "double self" as it pertains to child abuse? |
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Definition
Without the ability to dissociate, they must create a system of justification for the abuses. Their own innate badness becomes the cause which is perpetuated by being blamed for other family misfortunes.
Become rage-ful and aggresive and lack the verbal and social skills for resolving conflict, approaching things with the expectation of hostile attack.
Any gratification (sexual or other) that the child feels from the abuse is more evidence for innate wickedness.
Filth of perpetrator put on themselves.
Self representation is rigid, scattered, and split. Inner representations of parents contradictory and split too. |
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Term
| (Herman) what is "annihilation panic"? |
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Definition
| complete disconnection from others and disintegration of self |
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Term
| (Herman) what effect does child abuse have on the body of the victim? |
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Definition
| Rationalizes abuses mentally, but feels effects in the body. Body is at the disposal of the abuser. Survivors develop chronic sleep disorders, eating disorders, gastrointestinal complaints, and other distress symptoms. Deliberate infliction of injury just to "feel something to know they still exist" |
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Term
| (Herman) what is dysphoria? |
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Definition
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Term
| (Herman) In child abuse survival cases, what does the "child grown up" look like? |
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Definition
| Fundamental problems of basic trust, autonomy, and initiative. Seek out authority figures. Fear of abandonment and exploitation. Pattern of intense, unstable relationships. Great risk of repeated victimization. Doubled risk for children of sexual abuse for rape, sexual harassment, and battering. Can't conceive of saying no. A minority become perpetrators themselves. Most strive to protect their children from similar atrocities. |
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Term
| What was first wave feminism about? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was second wave feminism about? |
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Definition
| WHY isn't there equality? Socialization into gender roles. |
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Term
| What is third wave feminism about? |
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Definition
| Deconstructing what a man and a woman is. Being critical of and breaking the categories. Relation to hazing and pornography (power dynamic) |
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Term
| How does the torture at Abu Ghraib relate to feminism? |
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Definition
| Feminine qualities are forced upon prisoners. Masculine socialization (of men adnw omen) allowed perpetrators to behave the way they behaved. Torture is different than other kinds of torture because of feminization (becoming feminized means being a sexual object) |
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Term
| How does Zurbriggen "turn the problem on its head" in her article on Abu Ghraib? |
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Definition
Asks whether the events at Abu Ghraib might help us understand other activities, problems, or issues, especially those that have relevance for women. Two such issues are fraternity culture and pornography.
Turns around Limbaugh's argument that because hazing is socially accepted and torture is like hazing, that what happened to the torture victims is acceptable. New argument acknowledges similarities and reverses its effect by revealing how terrible hazing is. Same thing with pornography. Feminists reveal that we need to take a closer look at the normalization of pornography. |
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Term
| The core experiences of trauma are disempowerment and disconnection from others, so the core experiences of recovery are based upon.....? |
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Definition
| empowerment of the survivor and creation of new connections |
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Term
| is it possible to recover in isolation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened in the Southwick et al 1997 study on vets form the Persian Gulf War? What type of study was it? |
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Definition
Prospective study assessing the memory of vets at 1 month, and then 2 years after their return to the US
results: 88% changed responses on at least one item, 61% on two or more. 76% recalled an event at least 2 years that didn't report at 1 month. 46% did not report an event at 2 years that they did at 1 month.
Suggestive evidence for traumatic amnesia, recovered memories. Could also support false memory position. |
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