Term
| What is the commonsense model vs noncommonsense model? |
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Definition
-commonsense: if we are not consciously aware of information, that info can have no influence on our behavior
- assumes that if a person is not consciously aware of the stimulus, never will be recorded in LTM
- noncommonsense model: sometimes respond to info/stimuli that we are not consciously aware of having experienced |
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Term
| what is the story of the amnesic patient based on Noncommonsense model? |
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Definition
| - girl was having surgery and was unconscious, when she was asleep the doctor called her an "old bag". When she got up, she didn't feel comfortable with going to that doctor anymore but didn't know why |
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Term
| What was Levine's experiment? |
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Definition
- got 10-12 patients that just had surgery and divided them to go through an elective surgery. anesthesiologist knocks patient out and then makes a great deal of concern saying "oh my god something has gone wrong" and then saying "oh okay everything is fine"
- when patients were asked how satisfactory their experience was, the condition in which the anesthesiologist was more concerned said it wasn't as good of an experience even though patients were unconscious-- reflected on their SUBSEQUENT memory |
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Term
| What did Freud come up with on consciousness? |
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Definition
| - much of a persons thoughts and behaviors were influenced by unconscious parts of the mind- the contents of which were unavailable to conscious awareness-- contents of unconscious often are expressed symbolically in the dreams |
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Term
| What was the Potzel effect? |
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Definition
| -tested Freudian hypothesis: tested things in unconscious can be tested when dreams can affect your behavior provided those behaviors are from dream elemented-- material from unconscious can affect your thought and behavior |
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Term
| What was Potzel Effect's experiment? |
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Definition
- subjects given brief exposures to pictures have almost no awareness of seeing the picture, when asked to report content of their dreams on night following experiement, drawing often contained details omitted from pictures they saw the day before
-provides evidence that material one is not consciously aware of having seen may gain access to memory and subsequently be expressed |
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Term
| What was the Spence and Ehrenberg Study? |
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Definition
- tested for noncommon sense
- wanted to determine whether a food related subliminal stimulus could influence the type of information a person consciously recalled from memory
- subjects first rated themselves for hunger, then word cheese subliminally presented five times on screen, then subjects were asked to memorize list of words that included cheese and non cheese associated words. then asked to recall as many words as they could rememeber
- experimental group members who were hungry showed tendency to recall more cheese related associates tahn either the control group or non-hungry subjects
- no one could accurately identify the word "cheese" |
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Term
| What was the Zajonic Study? |
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Definition
| - showed pictures of polygons that flashed on screen to fast to notice, rates these polygons more likeable than ones not shown on screen |
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Term
| What was the "Mere Exposure" Effect found in the Zajonic Study? |
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Definition
| - the more often a person see something (novel object), the more he reports liking the object |
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Term
| What is Functional Asymmetry and what patients is this found in? |
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Definition
- when people would come back without the ability to understand or produce speech when damage to left side in Split Brain Patients
- left-- language
-right--spatial
- most complex human cognitive functions and behaviors appear to be asymmetrically divided between right and left hemisphere |
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Term
| What is Cerebral Localization? |
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Definition
- 2 hemispheres which are connected by bundles of nerve fivers which permit communication between hemispheres
- left hemisphere controls right side and right hemisphere controls left side |
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Term
| What will people suffering damage to left vs right hemisphere suffer from? |
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Definition
- left: impairment of speech functions
- right: perceptual and attentional problems |
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Term
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Definition
enables surgeon to temporality anesthetize one hemisphere at a time on spate days before surgery
- tests right and left hemispheres to figure out mapping of the brain |
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Term
| What did the Wada Test show? |
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Definition
- 95% of right handed people have speech controlled by left hemisphere as opposed to 70% of left handers.
- cerebral dominance |
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Term
| How are epileptics and corpus callosum related? |
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Definition
| - epileptic discharge from one cerebral hemisphere could spread to the other via a bundle of interconnecting nerve fibers called corpus callosum |
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Term
| what is the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
| -the largest of several bundles of nerve connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| What is involved in a split brain operation? |
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Definition
| - patient had his corpus callosum surgically severed |
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Term
| What was Sperry's experiment with cats? |
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Definition
- cats had optic nerve surgically removed
-info presented to cats left eye goes only to left hemisphere and vice cersa
-taught cats to press lever when they saw circle only while putting a patch on cat's eye
- found that if patch has been placed over one fo the cats eyes during learning the cat subsequently could perform the visual identification task only if the object was presented to the eye that was left unpatched during learning
- when cut corpus collosum in cats, they couldn't register eyesight in the correct side of the brain |
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Term
| What happened when localized pictures in both fields in humans? |
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Definition
- if pictures of a pen is flashed to left visual field, patient unable to say anything at all but if in right, has no trouble
- when asked what he saw the subject will use his left hand to select a pen from a pile of objects
- each side of the brain can be shown to be unaware of what other side has been |
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Term
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Definition
- had significant language on right side of brain but couldnt talk on right side but could spell
- if asked to left hemisphere he can answer but if right, could only spell word with scrabble letters
- when would say laugh to right hemisphere, would laugh because it was being observed by left hemisphere which attempted to interpret this behavior
- right hemisphere has sense of self-- posesses qualities that are deserving of conscious status
- when asked to both hemispheres what he wants to be when he grows up-- answered two different things
- he could only respond verbally to info presented to his left hemiphere-- would provide quite skilled at rationalizing the behavior of the right hemisphere
- conscious verbal self may not be aware of orgings of self-initated actions
- when right hemisphere was shown CARD, his left hemisphere interrupted and said CAR-- unaware of what right had seen, he used info available and suggested answer |
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Term
| what theory was PS's case related to? |
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Definition
Self-Perception Theory-- that the self comes to know its attitudes, feelings, and beliefs by a process of observing the behavior
- the conscious verbal self may come to know other selves through observation and interpretation of their overt responses |
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Term
| What is the self reference effect? |
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Definition
| - we tend to remember material best when it involves ourselves ALWAYS |
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Term
| What theory did Craik and Lockhard come up with and what did it refer to? |
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Definition
-Depth of Processing Theory (DoP): the more deeply you process information, the better you recall it
- takes more depth analysis to figure out what something means, circular arguments between recall and deeply processed. |
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Term
| What was Craik and Lockhard's experiment? |
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Definition
- came up with 3 types of tasks to prove that some tasks require more processing than others:
1. orthographic (physical aspects--begins with vowel) 2. phonemic (physical features and judgement-- rhymes with) 3.sematnic (meaning of word)
- remembered semantic best, then phonemic, then orthographic |
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Term
| How did Rogers and Kuiper fix the previous study? |
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Definition
| - they added a self component to the list--Self Reference Effect |
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Term
| What did Rogers and Kuiper come up with? |
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Definition
- that elaboration: forming assocaition between to be remembered items and extra list material in memory-- you form connections between the list word and something you already know about that word in the memory
- provides you with multiple retrieve routes and helps inference
- we know more about ourselves than anything else and the extra knowledge about ourselves gets associated with the list items
- RETRIEVAL ROUTES and INFERENCE |
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Term
| What is retrieval routes and inference? |
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Definition
-retrieval routes: more cues you have, the better you remember the word
- inference: if you cant remember the cues, you can make a good guess of the word |
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Term
| What was Klein and Kihlstrom's experiment based off of? |
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Definition
- saw problems with DoP theory- circular logic and thought there was a better explanation for SRE
- better explanation: organization effect |
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Term
| What was the organization effect? |
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Definition
- forming associations between to-be-remembered items
- look for links between listed words without help from outside semantic memory |
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Term
| What did Klein and Kihlstrom's study try to differentiate between? |
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Definition
- if elaboration (individual item processing or organization (categorizing)
- also if its related to self or semantic (nonself)
- tested memory of DoP items as well as adjusting rate of clustering (ARC) |
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Term
| What does ARC measure in Klein and Kihlstrom's experiment? |
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Definition
| - how much organization is involved in the recall of info-- how many items from specific tasks are remembered in order |
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Term
| What did Klein and Kihlstrom's first study find? |
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Definition
- self words show reliable clustering/organization
- but only correlational evidence |
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Term
| What was Klein and Kihlstroms second study on and what were some problems with the results? |
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Definition
- varied amount of organization in word task-- tested that if the SRE is confounded with organization, then organization and NOT the self cause the SRE-- doesnt depend on recall
-problem: don't know the direction of causality (did organization cause recall?), could be 3rd variable, and all you know is that there is a relation |
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Term
| What was Klein and Kihlstrom's next study set up? |
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Definition
- had 4 different tasks with words related to body (self referential):
1. sematnic and organized (internal v. external body part)
2. semantic and unorganized ("he fell on his ___")
3. self and organization: (remembering incident when_")
4. Self and nonorganized: (idiomatic usage of body words-- "sometimes I can be a pain in the __") |
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Term
| What did Klein and Kihlstrom find on recall? |
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Definition
- found main effect for organization but not type of task
-there is no self reference effect-- the organization has been placed in conjunction with self task |
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Term
| What were the drawbacks of these findings? |
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Definition
| - since the experimenter created the categories of "organized" and "unorganized" there no way to prove or disprove that the task actually encourages organization |
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Term
| What was Klein and Loftus's study based on? |
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Definition
- based on Hunt and Einstein study that memory is best when the type of processing carried out on stimuli is non-redundant
- if you want to know something well, process it in different ways |
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Term
| What different lists and tasks consisted of Einstein and Hunt's experiment? |
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Definition
1. organization task: organize words that were in apparent categories
2. elaboration task: told to assocaite individual words with items from memory (redundant and non-redundant processes)
-related list: encourages organization-- not hard to see it
- ad hoc list: fall into categories-- but ones you wouldnt immediately notice-- encourage elaboration
- ORG and ELAB will result in better recall when there is non-redundant processes |
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Term
| What did Klein and Loftus add to this study? |
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Definition
- self task-related list
(do you remember a time when _____)
- self task- ad hoc list
( do you remember a time involving____) |
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Term
| What did Klein and Loftus find? |
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Definition
- that self is BOTH organized and elaborative-- self reference task provides both and its own processing
- what aspect is most involved depends on the type of list you use
- the self makes up for whatever the list is lacking, to make learning less redundant
-when using related list-- self contributes more elaboration
- when using ad hoc list- self contributes more organization |
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Term
| What was the experiment testing self knowledge? |
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Definition
- FIRST: Initial Task ? (IV)
(describe, recall, or define)
-SECOND: Target ? (DV)
(describe, recall ,or define (control--not measured)
- how long it takes you to respond to target ? depends on initial task question- REACTION TIME |
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Term
| What was the hypothesis of this experiment of self knowledge and what concept is it based off of? |
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Definition
-PRIMING PARADIGM-- If in the process of answering the initial task information is made available that's relevant for performing the second task, the second task will benefit (aka it will prime)
- if episodic hypothesis is true, one of the intital tasks are going to show a target task speed up based on logic of priming |
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Term
| What were the two predictions in testing of self knowledge? |
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Definition
PREDICTION 1:
- remember-describe= fast, define-describe=slow
PREDICTION 2:
- describe-remember=fast, define-recall=slow
**priming |
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Term
| What was the null result from this experiment? |
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Definition
- episodic memories are not involved in self-description
- experiment could have been ineffiecent |
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Term
| How did they change this experiment and what was the new hypothesis? |
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Definition
- after participants complete tasks, ask them "does this apply to you?" after each of 93 words and then rate on scale 1-9 if it applies to them
- new hypothesis: episodic memory priming will only occur for highly descriptive traits |
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Term
| What were the results of this new task? |
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Definition
| found that episodic memory seems to play no part in self descriptive questions |
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Term
| What did they change about this experiment? |
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Definition
| - asked questions about ones mother based ona mixed model design |
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Term
| What results did they find? |
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Definition
- for highly descriptive traits, you think about what mom typicall does-- we form semantic trait summary for repetitive events and use that information to answer trait questions so we dont use episodic memory
- more med/low descriptive traits, must answer out of episodic memory because mom doesnt behave this way too much
- different from self because we dont seem to lose our semantic self knowledge
- when the primary referent is one's mom there is priming of episodic memory, when the primary referent is the self, there is no priming (dont need episodic memory) |
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Term
| What does the Mixed Model Design show? |
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Definition
| - when you have sufficient experience with one's traits you form a semantic trait summary so you dont need to recall specific instances each time but when you have insufficient experience, you need help from episodic memory |
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Term
| What does this study conclude about semantic and episodic memory? |
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Definition
| semantic and episodic self knowledge interact BUT you could find one functioning without the other--test through amnesic patients |
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Term
| What experiment did they test on UCSB students based on self knowledge? |
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Definition
- tested between first years who have restricted behavioral trait relevant experience and fourth years who have lots of behavior trait relevant expeerience asking does this decribe you at UCSB.
- 1st years showed significant priming while 4th years showed no priming-- shows that episodic self knowledge differs from semantic self knowledge |
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Term
| what was the case study with WJ? |
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Definition
- transfer student from USC who suffered serious concussion
-had anterograde amnesia for 45 min after surgery and retrograde amnesia for past year-- couldnt remember episodic memory from first year at college
- recovered all her memories a month later
- tested for reliability and accuracy when asked her about her traits of herself at USC |
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Term
| What were the results of WJ's testing for reliability and accuracy during past year at USC? |
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Definition
- she has reliability (saying same thing over time) and accuracy because it correlated with the same answers the her friend and boyfriend said about her
- consistant with priming theory- you dont need episodes to tell what you are like |
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Term
| what was the case study with KC? Were his results reliable and accurate? |
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Definition
-Tulving's patient that had severe open head injury-- total retro and anterograde amnesia (episodic only)
- circled 1-5 how much trait describes you-- fills it out again a week later and shows hes reliable UPDATED trait knowledge because its his traits as a result of his accident
-this shows he updates his self knowledge over time |
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Term
| What was the case study with DB? |
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Definition
- total retro and anterograde amnesia (episodic) and lower quality semantic memory for facts about the self
- when tested for his trait descriptions now-- they were reliable and accurate so he retained his semantic trait knowledge-- shows it is memory that is resiliant to neurological damage
- when asked to describe daughter's traits compared to her own description-- didnt exist- shows trait knowledge is specific to the self |
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Term
| What was the case study on RJ? |
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Definition
- autistic patient-- has trouble inferring other peoples' mental states (Theory of Mind is disabled)
- found that he had plenty of self knowledge when did triat description test
- has trouble with episodic memory |
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Term
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Definition
- had Alzheimers
-despite inability to retrieve even mundane facts about the world and her surroundings, she has intact, retrievable knowledge of her personality traits and those of her daughter
- however, she seems incapable of updating her database of trait knowledge
- trait knowledge of her self ended up reliable but not valid after being judged by her caregiver and daughter
- lack of consistency-- affects semantic knowledge |
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