Island near Ireland

Marriage: Arranged, late in life, no affection, hostility between spouses

Sex: Marital sex infrequent, always clothed, duty of wife, only for married couple, for procreation only

Attitudes: Sexually repressed, naive, sex is evil and dangerous (weakens men, immoral for females to orgasm)

Education: No sex education, ignorant of basic biology, all pleasure is sin (singing, dancing, eating)

Island of Indonesia

Housing: Families with young children (under 8)

Age 8, kids become aware of sex, no privacy for the adults

Girl dorms (age 8+) - chaperoned by widow

Boy dorms (age 8+) - non-supervised, expected to have pre-marital sexual experiences with the other boys

No pre-marital sex shared between the two genders -- harsh consequences

Marriage: Come of age, everyone marries. Male sends friend to justify himself to girl's parents, pays bride-price, female may reject

Sex education: Peers for males, older women for girls

Southern New Gunea

Gender segregated dwellings, clan-segregated

Patrilocal

Women leave their original birth clans to meet males in other clans, marry them, and live there. Males do not leave their clans.

Unmarried people cannot visit both lodges, only men in "women-free zone" (gotad)

Marriage: Negotiation. Young girls grow up in clan they plan to marry into. All males in new clan will inseminate new female after the marriage ceremony.

Male child goes through process: "Biologically male" to "sociologically male" -- includes drinking the milk from men (semen) until you can make your own semen.

Drink milk from mom - considered female

Northern Australia

Marriage: Arranged by mothers (sometimes prior to birth)

All daughters will be married to friend's eldest son

Younger sons won't have formal marriage

Wives passed onto younger brother in case of death of eldest son, sometimes wives loaned out to younger brother

Sex between girls okay before age 8

But no coitus before marriage

Death to anyone who violates "property rights" or another man -- Having sex with girl who isn't your "promise girl" (because she is someone else's then)

Argentina

Clan-system -- multi-generational but gender integrated

Matrilocal

Women living in original clan, males are brought in for marriage -- "Marriage Market"

Women cannot marry within her clan (incest)

Once married, stop having more than one sexual partner

No restrictions on sex: All ages, all peers, no privacy, same-sex/cross-sex for children

Sexual taboo/absistence during pregnacny and post-partum (til baby walks)

Central India

Mixed gender dorms (ghotul) where pre-marital sex is practiced amongst kids

Group-sex discouraged

Encouraged to not spend more than 3 nights with same partner to avoid any emotional attachment

Marry late in life

Procreation -- create family line

Relational -- Economic/social & personal bonds

Recreational -- Entertainment/pleasure/fun

Spiritual -- Enlightenment "to know God"

Establishes norms (including age)

Marriage

Establish legitimacy of offspring (regulate reproduction)

Kinship barriers (incest taboos)

Sexual consent

Gender roles

Ex: Inis Baeg

Purpose: Procreation only

Sex is dangerous/sin

Sexual ignorance

Gender segregation

Arranged marriages

Ex: Christian religion

Purpose: procreation, relational

"sex has a proper place" -- married couples

 Double standard --limitations for females

Sexual knowledge to correct problems

Some affections/pleasure

Social segregation during childhood

Acceptance

Purpose: procreational, relational, recreational

Sexuality is normal

Consent needed

Free to marry whoever -- affection

Knowledge in advance

Ex: Muria

Purpose: procreational, relational, recreational, spiritual

Sexual activity essential for happy life

Sexual knowledge and experience for all

Supports alternative sexual expression

Fear of sex

Negative attitudes about sex

Married couple resides with/near the husband's parents

Ex: Marind Anim

Ex: Marind Anim

"Women free zone" where only men are allowed

Ex: Yolngu Aborigines

The daughter that a male is arranged to marry

Marriage system where brother is obligated to marry deceased brother's wife/wives

Wife is obligated to marry the brother if her husband dies

Ex: Muria

Mixed-sex dorms for kids

Testes

Seminiferous tubules -- sperm production

Interstitial cells -- sex steroid production, primarily testosterone

Sperm matures for 9-10 weeks prior to ejaculation

Replenishes every 24 hours

Require non-acid (alkaline) environment to survive

Epididymis:

Collect sperm from seminiferous tubules

Sperm matures

Stored for 6 weeks

Vas Deferens:

Moves sperm to ejaculatory ducts

Location of vasectomy

Seminal Vesicles:

Energy for motility of sperm

Fluid comprises 70% of volume of ejaculate

Prostate:

Coagulation of ejaculation, viability of sperm

Fluid comprises 30& of volume of ejaculate

Ejaculatory Duct:

Collects fluids to form ejaculate

Connects vas deferens to urethra, passes through prostate

Closes off urethra to either bladder or seminal vesicles depending on task its trying to accomplish

Cowper's Gland (bulbourethral)

Secretes pre-ejaculate (not semen)

Neutralizes acidic urethra

No sensation of release

Penile Urethra: Urine makes urethra mildly acidic

Reason there is a Cowper's gland

Sexual arousal

Swelling prostate closes urethra

Pristine urine -- sterile, harmless, no STI (golden showers)

Semen

30% prostate fluid

70% seminal vesicle fluid

pH 7.5 (mildly basic) -- sperm survival

Prostaglandins: in semen, may cause pain/pleasure to vaginal wall

Average 1 teaspoon in volume

Carb/protein

Penis:

3 shafts bound together by tissue

Corpora cavernosa -- erection, attached to pubic bone

Corpus spongiosum -- enlargement, most sensitive areas of penis: glans, corona, frenulum

Flaccid size not equal to erect size

Blood flow causes erection (no bone)

Penis sheath/foreskin:

Skin covering penis

Circumsized -- removal of foreskin, Jewish/Islamic/Christian (N.Am) -- "to keep males from masturbating" (doesn't alter sexual functioning)

Reduces risk of HIV and STIs

Tyson's Glands: Located between corona & foreskin -- secretes smegma, causes irritation

Scrotum:

Temperature regulation (7* degrees less than body temp)

For sperm production

Raises/lowers into body

Spermatic cord tightens up/testes raise when sexually aroused

Phimosis: Constriction of foreskin (uncircumsized)

Peyronies: Unusual curvature of erection (stronger blood flow to one side more than other)

Priapism: Painful erection lasting more than 4 hours

Affects angle of erection

Kegel exercises strengthen these muscles -- increase ejaculatory/orgasm control

Has the same nerve supply as genitals

Dilates during stimulation, contracts during orgasm

No lubricating response, only mucous membrane lining inside

Nipple erection occurs during arousal (nippin')

Males feel varying reactions to nipple stimulation

Ovary:

Follicle -- production of ova, not replenishable

Corpus luteum -- follicle after the ova has been discharged (post-ovulation), sex steroid production

Ova:

X only, female zygote

Each cycle, several follicles mature, usually only one ovum ripens fully and is ovulated

Oviducts (fallopian tubes):

Usual location of fertilization

Ectopic pregnancy

Tubal ligations (sterilization)

Fimbria - catch egg after ovulation

Uterus (womb):

Ligament: suspension, movement

Endometrium: implantation, mentruation

Myometrium: prostaglandins cause contractions

Cervix (entrance to uterus - cervical os):

Mucus preserves the sterile uterine environment

Muscin - fertile mucus, allows for impregnation

Skene's gland (paraurethral):

Production of fluid

Location of G-spot

Bartholin's gland (bulbourethral)

Secretes alkaline fluid during arousal phase

Not basis of female lubrication

Unknown function

Vaginal Canal (inner 2/3):

Insenstive, few nerve endings

Elastic, lengthens when aroused

Mildly acidic (pH 5.7)

Cleaner than mouth

Moist

Introitus (outer third):

Tightens

Source of lubrication

Muscular, sensitive to touch

Clitoris:

Only function is for pleasure

Enlarges

Vulva:

Labia Minora -- inner lips, highly sensitive

Labia Majora -- outer lips, pubic hair

Hymen:

Thin membrane spread over vaginal intoitis

Perforation - allow passage of menses

Easily broken

Mons:

Fat pad over pubic bone, pubic hair

Monkeys

Female-centered/dominated society

Substitutes sex for agression

Human-like characterisitics of sex: face-to-face

Distinguishes between sex and reproduction

If male tries harrassing females, female bonobos band together to chase him off

Ex: Sudan

Female genital mutilation -- excision of clitoris, labia minora, inner/fleshy areas of labia majora)

Fusion of labia majora, leaving tiny opening

Separates proper women from slaves/prostitutes

Cannot marry if she hasn't been circumsized

Ages 4-8

Purpose: Get rid of sex drive, sexual sensitivity, foul odors/discharge, reduces growing/rivalling penis

Consequences: UTI, menstruation problems, infections, tearing wound during intercource/birth

Ex: SE Asia

Installs a device used to enhance female sexual pleasure

Pierces penis, places pin

Put in around puberty

Causes more damage than pleasure during intercourse

Males, 20s/30s

Symptoms: Swelling, pain, lumps in testes, tenderness in lower abdomen, groins, scrotum

Detection: self-exam

Treatment: Surgical removal of testes, radiation, chemotherapy

Men, age 50+

Symtpoms: difficult urination, enlargement, blood in urine

Detection: Age 40 on should get regular examinations, blood testing, rectal exam

Treatment: surgical removal of prostate, radiation, hormone treatment

1 in 8 women

Symptoms: lumps in breast, discharge from nipple, reddened skin of breast

Detection: Self-exam, mammography (40+), biopsy of mass

Treatment: Masectomy/lumpsectomy, radiation, chemo

Cause: HPV

Strain 16 & 18 spread through intercourse (do not cause genitcal warts)

Detection: pelvic exam, PAP test

Treatment: surgical removal of tissue

Yeast infection

Causes: Microbes overgrow when pH changes (stress, hormones, pregnancy, menstruation, BC, diabetes, feminine hygeine products)

Symptoms: Yeast odor, cottage cheese-like discharge, burning, pain during intercourse

Detection: Examination of discharge

Long-term: Effects infants during birth (causes respiratory ailment - thrush)

Causes: Bacteria

Symtoms: White, yellow vaginal discharge, foul odor, itching, burning urination

Long-term: inferitility

Prevention: Cotton underwear, no tight fitting clothing, less sugars and carbs, no "feminine hygeine" products

Infection/inflammation of pelvic cavity/upper genitals

Causes: Bacteria, douching

Symptoms: Fever, pelvic pain, flu-like symptoms

Long-term: Scarring of oviducts, sterile

Causes: Microbes in urethra/bladder

Transmission: Anal intercourse followed by vaginal intercourse, irritation during prolonged/frequent sex

Symptoms: Frequent/painful urination, blood in urine

Female bladder 1/3 size of males

Weakened pelvic muscles from childbirth -- urine leakage when active, laughing, orgasm, etc

Coitus causes need for urination

Kegel exercises effective

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus

Inflammation, scarring of tissue

Severe bleeding/pain during menstruation/coitus

Somagenic: sights, sounds, touch, taste, smell (pressure, pain, temp)

Psychogenic: thoughts, emotions, memories, fantasies

Brain interprets stimuli as erotic or non-erotic -- sexual response potentiated or inhibited

Hypothalamas activates/inhibits pelvic nerves associated with genitals

Genital: Specialized receptors in skin of genitals through pudendal nerve

Non-genital: Touch receptors found throughout the body (thighs)

Parasympathetic NS:

Visceral branch - vegetal tone, controls internal organ systems

Genital branch - Turned on, controls sensory input and increases blood flow to genitals

Lumbar spine center - Involved in genital response triggered by brain (thoughts)

Sacral spine center - Involved in genital response triggered by stimulation (touch)

Sympathetic NS:

Fight or flight

Physical/emotional emergencies

Phase #1

Biological drive: Feel horny

Affected by hormones, health, diet, disease, drugs

Psychological motivation: Internal emotional states, expecations/personal values/norms, external stimuli

Phase #2

PSNS genital tone

Pelvic vasocongestion -- erections, lubrications

Necessary physical changes meant for sex to occur

Phase #3

Cowper's glands secretions, female lubrications

Testes elevate

Pulse, blood pressure, respiration increases

Pelvic muscles engage

Phase #4

SNS tone - blood pressure, respiration, heart rate peak

Pelvic muscles/sex organs contract

Ejaculation/orgasms occur

Phase #5

PSNS

Loss of evelation, erection, swelling, etc

Decreases in blood pressure, respiration, heart rate

Ceases lubrication

Refractory period: An erection phyically cannot occur - dependent on age

Face contorsion

Vocalization

Tension, contractions

Temp. loss of consciousness

Relaxation

Males: Blue balls, 1 hr resolve, uncommon, will get aching in pelvis as testes descend

Females: blue lips, Taylor's syndrome, several hours to resolve, very frequent

Sexual expression for spiritual development

Includes: visualization, breathing, chants, joint meditation, food/drink ceremony, sexual intercourse

1) Ritual: Specific to couple - ceremony

Ex: candles, music, personalized form of intimacy

2) Synchronized breathing: Coordinate breathing while touching. Attention/focus on task together

3) Sustained Eye Contact: Very powerful, usually awkward at first

4) Motionless Intercourse: Relative stillness after peak (orgasm)

5) Intercourse w/o orgasm: Experience not seeking out end result (orgasm) when having sex

Absence of sex drive/desire

Physical Causes: Stress hormones inhibit desire, imbalances

Psychological Causes: Depression, shame, anxiety, victimization (rape), religious repression

Obsessive sexual thoughts/desires

Psychological Causes: Need to feel desired/wanted, childhood abandonment, coping with feelings of depression

Lack of lubrication

Painful coitus

Causes: infections, anxiety, fear

Painful, reflexive pelvic spasms

Causes: fear of penetration, painful previous sex experience, guilt

Inhibited Female Orgasm

Anorgasmia

Female never experienced orgasm for unknown reason

Causes: psychological trauma, religious repression, depression

Organic: No erection during sleep or prior to morning urination

Psychological: Erection during sleep, not under sexual circumstance

Causes: anatomical damage, hormone troubles, medicines, nerve damage

Can have erection sometimes

Causes: drugs, alcohol, age, fatigue, partner conflict, no stimulation, performance anxiety

Failure to control timing of ejaculation

Causes: anxiety, poor learning experience, partner conflict

Failure to terminate sexual arousal with ejaculation/orgasm

Penis becomes flaccid before experiencing orgasm

Leads to procreation

Genitals

Sexual pleasures/orgasms

Sexual thoughts/feelings

Reproductive: Coitus during ovulatiojn

Non-reproductive: Sterility, coitus pre-puberty, menopause, birth control, masturbation, oral, etc

Violates consent -- rape, assault

Violates marriage -- adultery, prostitution

Violates procreation (sodomy) -- Masturbation, birth control, kink/toys (felony, sex offender, prison)

1986

Allowed states to prosecute consensual sex -- constitutional repeal

Right to privacy

"victim-less" crime

Discriminatory laws

Sexual thoughts, memories, images

Explore forbidden

Females: Sex with own gender

Males: Sex with more than one partner, watch them masturbate, forced sex

Stimulating own body part for sexual pleasure

Oral non-genital contact

Whole body non-genital contact

Genital caress

Many different coital positions

Some have greater chance of pregnancy (missionary)

Fingers, fisting, intercourse, rimming

Painful, does not have own source of lubrication

Involves consensual play

Top - dominate role in scene

Bottom - submissive role in scene

Swtich - person who does both

Submission: Bondage/Discipline

Ex: master & slave

Sadomasochism: pain

Ex: Binding, burning, whipping

Paraphernalia: costumes, handcuffs, leather, etc

Reasons: garunteed sex, sex without emotions, control over situation, sex away from home/lonely

Customers: 17% male, 2% female

Usually white, middle-class, married, age 30-60 males

Work: prostitutes, strippers, porn actors, cybersex

On-street prostitution:

Ex: hookers, sex in sketchy areas, 4-5 clients per day

High levels of rape, violence, arrest

Low-pay

Many suffer from PTSD (66%), drug abuse (75%), physical/sexual abuse history (86%)

Off-street prostitution:

Higher pay, safer when off-streets

Bar girls, live in brothels run by pimp

Ex: erotic/nude masseuse, dancer/stripper, escort, phone-sex operators

Elite Sex Workers:

Call-girls, mistresses, well-educated, well-groomed and taken care of, sophisticated

One client at a time, very well paid

Passes as legitimate partner for customer

Homosexual:

Worker is usually on "bottom position"

Expected to have an orgasm/ejaculation -- limits number of customers per day

On-street:

Cater to gay males

White, ages 16-29

Victims of childhood abuse

High levels of mental illness, drug/alcohol addiction

Off-street:

Escorts, exotic dancers, masseurs

Students/employed - need more money

Minimal health problems

Straight men who service men:

Extremely fit, claim to be heterosexual

Homophobic, allows fellatio done on him

Elite sex worker:

Extremely attractive, one client at a time

"Golden boy" - pampered, travels, lives off wealthy woman (mama)

"Lap dog" - Marriage of convenience with wealthy woman to be her escort

"Top boy" - sex on demand for wealthy woman

"Kept boy" - Upscale apartment for sole access by "sugar daddy"

She-male:
Undergo hormone treatment and breast implants, still have male genitals

Transvestites:

Conceal genitals, fake intercourse

Sex trafficking:

1 million girls/women forced into sex slavery every year

50,000 girls brought to America from Latin Am, Russia, SE Asia, East Europe

Deceived (promised husband), Enslaved (cannot pay off debt), held prisoner in host country, family is blackmailed

Sex Tourism:

Wealthy tourists (US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Australia) go to underdeveloped countries (Phillipines, Cuba, Thailand) for sex

Underage sex illegal for US, Canada, some Europe even in places where it's legal for that country

Texas court (vote 6-3) has made sodomy legal and same-sex sexual activities legal in many states

Reversed Hardwick vs Bowers

Simulates coitus - but not actual

Tribadism: Rubbing pevls/genitals of one partner on the thigh/pelvis/genitals of another partner

Hands in vagina

Rubbing penis on other body areas

"Virginity intact" - no penile penetration, no ejaculation in vagina

Best used in vaginal area

Ex: saliva, KY jelly, etc

These should only be used with other latex (condoms) as to not damage the latex products

Intense sexual arousal from atypical objects, situations, people

Diagnosis sexually deviant: compulsion/obsession/frequency, degree of dependence to fulfill relationship needs, consensual/non-consensual, legal consequences, self-harm

Almost always male heterosexuals

19% of paraphiliacs have relatives suffering from this

75% of paraphiliacs have abnormal hormone levels

4 phases:

1) Finding phase: Locating partner

2) Affiliative phase: Mutual verbal/non-verbal gestures of interest

3) Tactile phase: Mutual non-genital contact

4) Copulatory phase: Mutual overt sexual behavior

Sexual arousals from...

Voyeurism: Viewing naked bodies, sexual acts

Video cams, peeping in dressing rooms

Exhibitionism: Displaying one's genitals, public sex acts

Ex: flasher in subway

Frotteurism: Rubbing one's body parts against another's in public while fully clothed

Ex: stranger on bus

Scatologia: Saying/hearing sexual/vulgar words

Ex: harassing obscene telephone call

Pedophilia: Contact/fantasy with children

Ex: real children, not roleplay

Zoophilia: stimulating animals, being stimulated by animal

Ex: "marrying" a pet

Necrophilia: Viewing/having sex with mutilated corpse

Ex: sex murder

Cyber sex: Internet, anonymous

Ex: fired from job for obsession of porn

Object is essential for sexual response, preferred replacement for sexual partner

Ex: fondles, licks, shoes, leather, metal, feet, amputation stump

Transvestism: wearing/smelling/fondling clothing

Ex: stealing shoes for masturbation

Urophilia (water sports, golden showers): Urination during sex

Coprophilia: Defecation during sex

Klismaphilia: Enemas

Mysophilia: Filth (rotting food, used tampons) and dirty public restrooms

Ex: Masturbate with maggot covered meat

Sanguiphilia: Blood sports

Ex: stabbing partner

Asphyxiation: Lack of oxygen

Very dangerous

Accidental suicides

Infantilism: Playing role of infant (diapers, nursing)

Regressed psychological state - misses being a beloved baby

Body alterations: Piercing, tattooing

Ex: mutilation of body

Sadomasochism: pain

Chakra

Kundalini

Energy points in body

Energy that purifies the body - erotic

Lesion-based STI

Wart-causing strains: Infectious when warts are present

Non-wart causing strains: Infectious when warts are absent, 2 strains of HPV can cause cervical cancer (females)

Transmission: During birth (mom to infant), physical contact with someone with HPV

Symptoms: Warts (genitals, mouth, throat) - sometimes

Long-term health: Non-wart strains cause cancer, cervical abnormalities

Detection: PAP tests

Treatment: Remove warts, no cure for virus, vaccine for cancer-causing strains

Lesion-based STI, 50% transmission through births

HSV1: Oralis, Ex: cold sores (virus sits on top of spinal cord when not present)

50% have HSV1 antibodies

50% recurrent outbreak

HSV2: Genitals, sits at bottom of spine when warts aren't present/active

60% have HSV2 antibodies

90% recurrent outbreak

Usually non-specific, both strains can be on either genitals/oral regions

Live on inanimate objects (spread through hot/moist) Ex: hot-tubs

Symtpoms: Painful blisters, infectious fluids, fever, weakness, headache, soreness, painful urination, warts can heal yet virus stays dormant

Long-term: Transmission to newborn through birth, eye-infection causes blindness, rare cases meningitis/neurological damage

Lesion-based STI, contact with sore, blood contact (birth), highly infectious fluids from rash

Stage #1: Painless, fluid-filled infectious ulcer-like sore (chancre) - few weeks

Stage #2: Fluid-filled infectious rash on soles, palms, back, buttocks - couple of years

Stage #3: Rash disappears, no longer infectious, still there though

Long-term health: Blindness, heart/lung disease, death, infant death during pregnancy

Disease almost completely eradicated in America

Fluid-based STI, transmitted during coitus/fellatio, contact with infected mucous membrane, bodily secretions

Male Symptoms: discharge from penis, irritation when urination, 40% males have no symptoms

Female Symptoms: 85% females have no symptoms, few have thick yellow mucus/inflammation of cervix

Long-term effects: Infertility (inflames ovaducts, scar tissue develops, eggs cannot meet sperm)

Blindness (rare)

Infant illness

Curable by antibiotics

Fluid-based STI

Male symptoms: Discharge from penis, painful urination, inflammation of prostate/bladder/seminal vesicles, fever, rash (lives in semen)

Female Symptoms: 50% of females have no symptoms

Long-term: Infertility, blindness, illness for babies during birth

Treatment: 30% infections are resistant to antibiotics (penicillin)

Fluid-based STI

Hep A (enternal) - HAV - transmitted via feces in sexual manner (restaraunts, improper food handling)

Hep B (serum) - HBV - transmitted via bodily fluids by sex

Hep C (serum) - HCV - transmitted via blood

20% sex, 80% IV/drug use

Symptoms: Fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, liver inflammation

Long-term effects: Liver cancer, fatal (5%)

Treatment: Cure by immune system

Vaccines: HAV, HBV (not HVC given in infancy)

East & West Coast

Fluid-based STI, coitus

Female symptoms: 50% frothy, watery discharge, inflamed vagina, painful intercourse

Male Symptoms: 50% mild urethritis

Long-term: Infertility, prematurity

Fluid-born STI

Transmission: Human secretions - Semen/blood (high), Mucus penis/anus/vagina (moderate), saliva (low)

62% partner sex

26% IV drug use

12% mother-infant

Progression:

Stage #1: Mild flu-like symptoms

Stage #2: No symptoms

Stage #3: Lymphadenopathy - chronic flu symptoms

(No treatment - full blown AIDs)

CD4+ cells are infected

Killer T-cells attack infected cells which kill the CD4 cells

Weakens general immune system - results in illness

CD4+ count determines stage of infection

Opportunistic disease (comprimises immune system leading to TB, pneumonia, cancer, meningitis)

Chronic illness

In the 80s and 90s -- dead within 5 years of diagnosis

Medication: Truvada - 95% reduction of risk

Daily pill - costs 13k annually

Active government involvement in protection and safe-sex for everyone

Lowest rate of STIs

Sex education at very early age

Acceptance of young teenagers having sex by parents

Avoidance of sex

Government neglect for safer sex

Abstinence/monogamy sole protectors

Highest rate of STIs

1) Life-time: 100% effective

Ex: religious reasons, low sex drive

2) Abstinence until marriage; commitment

Difficult for those marrying late in life

Almost 100% effective if monogamous virgin partners

3) Situational Abstience:

Been drinking, don't have a condom, reasons to be abstinent for that night

Failures: drugs/alcohol use, high sex drive, peer pressure

100% effective if both partners lost viriginity together and are in faithful monogamous relationship

Challenges: divorce, death of partner, infedelity

61% of females say relationship is monogamous, only 28% of males agreed

Male condoms

Female condoms

Dental dams

Latex gloves

Microbicides

Spermicides

Naturally hairless skin on external human body

Ex: soles of feet, palms of hands, labia minora, penis

Self-implanting

Self-infecting

Stronger, smaller pores than latex

Not fully tested

GnRH (gonadotropin) - releasing hormone

Released from hypothalamus

Stimulates anterior pituitary

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Released from anterior pituitary

Stimulates gonads (ovary, testes)

Angrogens (A) - testosterone

Estrogens (E) - estradiol

Progestins (P) - progesterone

Released from ovary, testes, adrenal gland

Stimulates tissues (hair follicles, uterus, penis)

1) Hypothalamus releasing factor

(GnRh)

2) Pituitary: gonadotropins

(FSH & LH)

3) Testies: sex steroids

Includes: Seminiferous tubules, spermatogenisis, interstitial cells, hormone production

(Sperm & Androgens)

4) Androgens sets off hypothalamus to release again

1) Hypothalamus releasing factor

(GnRH)

2) Pituitary: gonadotropins

(FSH & LH, LH)

3) Ovary: sex steroids

Includes: follicle, ova, corpus luteum

(E, P & E)

4) Uterus, endometrium, cervix

*E and P & E sent to start the hypothalamus release again

Replenished every 24 hours

70 days to develop from spermatogenia to maturity

Life Span of 24 hours to 5 days

Require alkaline environment

Semen protects sperm from female antibodies sent to kill them off

Normal cycle:

Proper hormonal events sequence

24-35 day cycle

Cycle shortens with age

Regular Cycle:

Variation of 0-5 days in length

Cycle becomes more regular as age increases

Phase #1: Follicular Phase (pre-ovulatory stage)

Days 4-12 most variable of cycle

GnRH released from hypothalamus, stimulates pituitary

LH causes rise in Estrogen levels

Estrogen causes endometrium

FSH causes growth of follicles, ova matures

Estrogen achieves set point

Hostile vaginal mucus turns friendly to sperm

Phase #2: Ovulation (mid-cycle)

Days 13-15

Estrogen achieves set point, GnRH causes surge of FSH/LH

Cervical mucus becomes "fertile"

Cervical opens/softens

Ovum leaves follicle (ovulation) 14-16 days before end of cycle

Coprus luteum forms from evacuated follicle

MOST FERTILE

Phase #3: Luteal phase (post-ovulatory phase)

Days 16-28

LH stimulates corpus luteum, secretes E & P

P shuts down follicles, becomes hostile environment

P inhibits uterus from contracting so that a ready endometrium can support implantation of fertilized egg

Phase #4: Premenstrual phase (late luteal)

Last 3-7 days of cycle

All hormones decline

Corpus luteum shuts down

Symtpoms: cramps, bloating, sadness, etc

Phase #5: Destructive phase (mesntruation)

Days 1-4

Low levels of all hormones - P, E, FSH, LH

Breakdown of endometrium expelled from body due to decline in Estrogen (menses)

Low P levels increase prostaglandins - uterin contractions

Hostile to sperm

Calender

Temperature -- change in Basal temp (vagina)

Physical signs -- muscin, cervix (most accurate indicator)

Cervix in response to LH levels

P levels and body temperature

Low LH: cervix hard/closed

high LH: cervix soft/open

High P: Temp under 98* F -- prior to ovulation

Low P: Temp rises above 98* F

Menses is sterile - no health risk for partner

Bacteria not present until exposed to air

Exception: Female infected with HIV, or Hep B

Considered taboo by most people

Female health issues:

Higher risk of STI introduction to open cervix os

Concerns about "attractiveness" - shameful, bloating, breakouts

Erotophobia:

Contamination -- secrecy, shame, segregated

Restriction -- sexually/socially unappealing

Painful menstruation

Sex avoidance

PMS

*Excluded from sacred/religious places in some cultures

Erotophilia:

Right of passage -- celebration, new privlidges

Power -- sacred, magical, healing

50%-80% annoying physical changes

20%-50% moderate discomfort, non-prescription meds, rest

3% severe symptoms, medical intervention

90% no effect on home, school, work

Decreased Estrogen

Electrolyte Imbalance: Water retention, bloating, vitamin deficiency

Carbohydeate Metabolism: Craving for sweets, weight gain, fatigue, depression

Change in vaginal pH - infections

Breast tenderness

Decreased P, increased prostaglandins

Uterine cramping, lower back pain

Treatment: aspirin, ibuprofen

Androgen unmasked when levels of E and P drop

Oily skin, acne

Hostility, irritability

Endometriosis

Males and females both have this

High on weekends, low during work week

Females mood changes are predictable

Males mood changes are erradic

Aggression/hostility levels in female rise prior to menstruation, yet still much lower than males constant level of aggression

Females during menstruation become more like men (hormonally & behaviorally)

Severe feelings of depression, irritability, and tension prior to menstruatioin

Worse than for PMS

Absence of menstruation

Ex: pre-puberty, pregnancy, menopause

Menstrual cycles without ovulation

Ex: infertility