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| darwin reasoned that variants better enabled an organism to survive and reproduce would lead to more descendants. the descendants therefore would inherit the variants that led to their ancestors survival and reproduction. through this process the successful variants were selected and unsuccessful variants weeded out. it results in gradual changes in a species over time as successful variants increase in frequency and eventually spread throughout the gene pool, replacing the less successful variation |
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| hostile forces of nature are what darwin called any event that impedes survival. hostile forces of nature include food shortages, diseases, parasites, predators and extremes of weather |
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| inherited solutions to the survival and reproductive problems posed by the hostile forces of nature. primary product of the selective process. an adaptation is a reliably developing structure in an organism which because it meshes with the recurrent structure of the world, causes the solution to an adaptive problem |
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| the evolution of characteristics because of their mating benefits rather than because of their survival benefits. according to darwin sexual selection takes 2 forms - intrasexual competition and intersexual selection |
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| in darwin's intrasexual competition members of the same sex compete with each other and the outcome of their contest gives the winner greater sexual access to members of the opposite sex. two stags locking horns in combat is the prototypical image of this. the characteristics that lead to success in contests of this kind, such as greater strength, intelligence or attractiveness to allies, evolve because the victors are able to mate more often and hence pass on more genes |
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| in darwin's intersexual selection members of one sex choose a mate based on their preferences for particular qualities in that mate. these characteristics evolve because animals that possess them are chosen more often as mates and their genes thrive. animals that lack the desired characteristics are excluded from mating and their genes perish |
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| packets of dna that are inherited by children from their parents in distinct chunks. they are the smallest discrete unit that is inherited by offspring contact, without being broken up. |
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| differential gene reproduction |
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| reproductive success relative to others. the genes of organisms who reproduce mare than others get passed down to future generations at a relatively greater frequency than the genes of those who reproduce less. successful survival and successful mate competition are both part of differential gene reproduction |
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| modern evolutionary theory based on differential gene reproduction. the inclusive part refers to the fact that the characteristics that affect reproduction need not affect the personal production of offspring: they can affect the survival and reproduction of genetic relatives as well. |
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| by-products of adaptations |
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| deductive reasoning approach |
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| inductive reasoning approach |
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| evolutionary-predicted sex differences |
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| frequency-dependent selection |
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| restricted sexual strategy |
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| unrestricted mating strategy |
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