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| Proposes that an invisible set of rules organizes the way family members relate to each other |
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| Emotional barriers that protect individuals, subsystems, or families |
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| When parents can't resolve problems between themselves, they direct their foucs of concern away from themselves & onto their child |
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| Cross-Generational Coalations |
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| One parents enlists the support of the child against the other parent |
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| Unclear, loose boundaries foster inappropriate dependence |
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| Overly rigid, overly guarded boundaries foster attachment |
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Restrictive & punitive firm limits;
Little discussion of rules
ex. Matilda's parents "because I said so"
Adolescent offspring tend to be anxious, unlikely to initiate activity & have poor communication |
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Warm & nuturan;
Firmer limits but with greater conversation about limits
ex. Brady Bunch
Adolescent offspring likelier to be self-reliant & socially responsible |
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Uninvolved;
Few limits
ex. Homer Simpson
Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent & display less self-control |
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Highly involved;
Place few demands on controls on adolescent behavior
ex. Mean Girls-Regina George's mom
Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent & display less self-control |
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| Says kids & parents argue most about small trivial issues |
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| Developmental Construction |
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| Views suggest that as people grow, they acquire models of relating to others |
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| Emphasizes early parent-child relationships in laying foundating for character |
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| Infants use caregiver as base from which to explore environment |
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| Infants either avoid, show resistance, or show ambivalence toward caregiver |
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| Dismissing/Avoidant Attachment |
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Definition
Attachment considered unimportant;
due to rejecting by caregiver
ex. movie Carrie |
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| Preoccupied/Ambivalent Attachment |
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Definition
Hypertuned to attachment experiences;
overuse of attachment-seeking behaviors;
due to unavailability of caregiver
(clingy-desperate)
ex. Tim Priebe |
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| Unresolved/Disorganized Attachment |
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Definition
Unusually high level of fear & disorientation;
due to trauma |
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Emphasizes change & growth;
new relationships are structurally different from previous relationships |
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80% of American adolescents have 1+ siblings
They spend average of 10hrs/week together
Can be source of conflict/support
65% of parents show favortism towards one sibling |
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40% born to married parents later witness divorce
Divorce-children likelier to adjust poorly
Adjustment moderated by parental quality & possibly changes in socioeconomic status |
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Mom has custody
Mom remarries |
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Dad has custody
Dad remarries |
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| Both parents bring children from previous relationships into the family |
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| Both adults want a family & cope with challenges well |
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| Mother has greater desire for & takes more active role in family |
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| Adults have high, unrealistic expectations for an immediate, happy family |
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Companionship
Stimulation
Physical support
Ego support
Social comparison
Emotional intimacy/Affection |
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| Impressions of others are based in part on our assumptions about human nature |
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| Implicit Personality Theory |
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Definition
| Personally-held beliefts about relationships between various traits & behaviors |
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Definition
| Adjusting one's personal behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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| Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| Influence motivated by desire to be correct |
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| Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| Influene motivated by desire to gain approval |
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Many positive & few negative ratings
ex. Denzel Washington |
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Definition
Some positive & some negative ratings
ex. Oprah |
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Definition
Many negative & few positive ratings
ex. Kanye West/Tiger Woods/Lindsey Lohan/Mel Gibson |
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Many positive & many negative ratings
ex. Obama |
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| Small groups that form from frienship & common interests |
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Larger structure defined by reputation;
members may not even interact with each other
ex. "Jocks" |
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By 10th grade, 50% of adolescents have been in 2month+ relationship
Early dating is associated with negative outcomes including family & school problems & pregnancy |
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Recreation
Status/Achievement
Socialization
Emotional intimacy
Sexual expoloration
Companionship
Identity formation
Mate sorting & selection |
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Definition
Function of occupational, educational & economic considerations
Related to differences in access to resources |
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| Behavior, patterns, beliefs & other products of a people that are transmitted generation to generation |
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| A particular culture is compared to one or more other cultures |
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| Tendency to favor one's own cultural group over others |
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| Function of heritage, nationality, race, religion & language |
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| Embracing new culture while relinquishing old cultural identity |
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| Participating in majority culture while retaining minority cultural identity |
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| Selectively emphasizing different cultural identities in different situations |
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| Holding cultural identity & accepting that many can coexist in a setting |
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Ethnic minorities are underrepresented & may be portrayed stereotypically
Some adolescents see more diversity on TV than they'd ever encounter
Interfere with social development & contribute to unhealthyness, agression, sexual attitudes & school acheivement |
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Definition
Adolescents-biggest consumers of music
No clear data links music/vidoes to problematic behaviors |
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Definition
| Internet & texting change landscape of socail communications |
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| 5 Disorder Types Emerging in Early Childhood |
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Definition
Mental retardation
Pervasive developmental disorders
Learning disorderes
Disruptive behavior disorders
Tic disorders |
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Definition
IQ of 70 or below
Deficits or impairments in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning
Onset before 18yrs |
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Definition
Heredity
Alternations of embryonic development
Environmental influences
Complications of pregnancy/delivery |
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Definition
Markedly impaired development in social interaction & communication
& markedly restricted range of activity & interests |
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| Sustained impairment in socail interactiion & restrictive, repetitive patterns of activity & interests |
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Definition
Reading disorder
Mathematics disorder
Disorder of written expression
Subject-specific achievement is substantially below what is expected given age, IQ & education |
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| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |
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Definition
Persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity inappropriate to age & in at least 2 settings
Onset before age 7 |
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Definition
| Persistent pattern of violations of rights of others or of major societal rules, including delinquent behavior |
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| Oppositional Defiant Disorder |
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Definition
| Pattern of negativistic, disobedient, hostile behavior |
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Definition
Sudden, rapid, recurrent stereotyped movement or vocalization
May be simple or complex |
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| Multiple motor tics & at least one vocal tic |
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Definition
Complex vocal tics involving vocalization of obscenities
Present in less than 10% of people with Tourette's disorder |
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REFUSAL TO MAINTAIN WEIGHT, intsense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image & amenorhhea if applicable
Failing to maintain 85%+ of what is normal weight |
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| Binge-eating/Purging Type (AN) |
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Definition
| Person regularly engages in binge-eating & or purging behaviors |
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| Recurrent binge-eating & compensationg behaviors, self-image strongly influenced by body shape |
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Definition
| Person engages in vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas |
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Definition
| Person uses other compensatory strategies such as fasting or excessive exercise |
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| 6 Causes & contributors of Eating Disorders |
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Definition
Food as coping
Overconcern with others' evaluations
Dichotomous thinking(good/bad)
Enmeshed family structure
History of sexual abuse
Standards of beauty |
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| 4 Treatments of Eating Disorders |
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Definition
Hospitalization & refeeding
Behavior therapy
Exploring emotions
Family systems therapy |
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Definition
| Chronic disruption in mood leading to impaired functioning |
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Definition
A person, for no apparent reason, experiences 2+ weeks of depressed mood & or anhedonia & associated physical & cognitive symptoms
(anhedonia- lack of interest in pleasure seeking) |
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Definition
| 2+ years of chronic, low-grade depression that causes distress, but does not severely impair functioning |
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| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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Definition
| Recurrent depression that tends to come on during winter |
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| Depression Statistics (3) |
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Definition
Among people ages 15-24, one-month prevalence rate for depressive episode is 6%
Depressive disorders often go undiagnosed in adolescents
Earlier onset is associated with more chronic & severe course of depression |
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| Antidepressant Medication |
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Definition
Used to treat symptoms of depressive disorders
Only Prozac is FDA approved for MDD treatment in children as young as 8 |
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Definition
Person experiences at least one manic episode
Rapid cycling extremely rare |
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Definition
| One week+ of hyperactivity, decreased need for sleep & euphoria |
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Definition
| Person experiences 2+ years of frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to be bipolar disorder |
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| Used to treat bipolar-type affective disorders |
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Definition
3rd leading cause of death for adolescents
About 1 in 6 high school students report that they have seriously contemplated suicide in past year
1 in 50 will make attempt resulting in injury that requires medical attention
Females are 4 times more likely to attempt suicide
Males are 3 times more likely to complete suicide & cause lethal means |
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| 6 Risk Factors of Suicide |
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Definition
History of psychiatric illness
Alcohol & drug use
Hopelessness
Previous suicide attempt
Prepatory behaviors
Suicide by peer |
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Term
What to do...
(to help suicidal people) |
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Definition
Talk about it openly
Consider taking safety precautions
Seek assistance & support |
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Definition
Bullies bully because...
Social-ecological perspective emphasizes both individual & environmental characteristics
Anger
Beliefs supportive of violence
Peer & adult models
School climate |
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Definition
Interventions that target at-risk groups before problems occur
Publicize school-wide policies
Spread message to community
Reinforce prosocial behavior |
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Definition
Interventions that increase likelihood of early identification of a problem
Train older peer monitors to watch out for bullying
Early identification of potential bullies or victims for social-skills training
ex. victim- be assertive & look in eyes |
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Definition
Interventions aimed at reducing established problems & restoring functions
Create frienships groups for bullied kids
Encourage parents to use school counseling resources for bullying or victimization |
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Definition
| User requires larger & larger doses to experience a drug's effect |
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Definition
| The discomfort & distress that follow discontinuing the use of a drug |
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Definition
Drugs taht reduce neural activity & slow body functions
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Tranquilizers
Inhalants |
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Definition
Slowed reflexes
Reduced inhibition
Impaired judgment |
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Definition
Depressants that reduce anxiety & produce sleepines
ex. nembutal/quaaludes |
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Definition
Depressants that relieve anxiety
ex. xanax/valium |
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Definition
| Chemicals that are inhaled to produce alterations in consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Endorphin agonists that have strong pain-relieving properties
ex. morphine/codeine/heroin |
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Definition
Drugs that excite neural activity & speed up body functions
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines |
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Definition
Stimulants that arouse the CNS & suppress appetite
ex. meth |
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Term
| Stimulant-induced Psychosis |
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Definition
| Schizophrenic symptoms due to cocaine/amphetamines |
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Term
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Definition
Drugs that distort perceptions, alter mood & affect judgment
ex. marijuana/mescaline (peyote)/LSD |
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Definition
Loose category of drugs that are popular at clubs/parties
Often synthesized in labs
ex. ecstasy (MDMA)/dissociative anesthetics |
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Definition
| Drugs derived from testerone which promote muscle growth & lean body mass |
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