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| A relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses. |
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| Any observable response (fainting, salivating, vomiting). |
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| a kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a quick response that was originally produced by a different stimulus. |
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| says that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future. |
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| refers to a kind of learning in which the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior's occurrence in the future. |
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| a kind of learning that involves mental processes, such as attention and memory; may be learned through observation or limitation; and may not involve any external rewards or require the person to perform any observable behaviors. |
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| is some stimulus that causes a sensory response, such as being seen, heard, or smelled, but does not produce the reflex being tested. |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| is some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation or eye blink. |
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| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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| is an unlearned, innate, or involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| Elicited by the conditioned stimulus is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to, the unconditioned response. |
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| the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. Usually, the more similar the new stimulus is to original conditioned stimulus, the larger will be the conditioned response. |
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| occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others. |
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| refers to a procedure in which a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus and, as a result, the conditioned stimulus tends to no longer elicit the conditioned response. |
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| the tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials. |
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| refers to the usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans and tend to increase their chances of survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain and injury. |
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| refers to associating a particular sensory cue (smell, taste, sound, or sight) with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future. |
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| refers to the phenomenon that animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others. |
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| Conditional Emotional Response |
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Definition
| refers to feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event. |
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Definition
| means that a neural bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus (tone) and the unconditioned stimulus (food). After repeated trials, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (tone) and acts like a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (food). Thereafter, the conditioned stimulus (tone) elicits a conditioned response (salivation) that is similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| says that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli (neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus) are paired close together in time (are contiguous). As a result of this contiguous pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, which elicits the conditioned response. |
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| says that an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus (neutral stimulus) predicts the occurrence of another (unconditioned stimulus). In other words, classical conditioning occurs because the organism learns what to expect. |
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