Term
| problems of mating: male long term |
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Definition
gene quality
commitment
good parenting skills
paternity confidence
female reproductive value |
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Term
| problems of mating: female short term |
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Definition
gene quality
immediate resource extraction
evaluate for long term potential
problems of mate switching, mate expulsion, mate backup |
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Term
| problems of mating: male short term |
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Definition
increase partner number
identify sexually accessible women
minimize cost, risk, commitment
female fertility |
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Term
| problems of mating: female long term |
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Definition
gene quality
commitment
good parenting skills
ability of man to invest
willingness to invest
physical protection |
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Term
| genetic aspects of psychological science |
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Definition
-heredity involves passing along genes through reproduction
-genotypic variation is created by sexual reproduction
-genes affect behavior
-social and environmental contexts influence genetic expression
-genetic expression can be modified |
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Term
| basis of psychological science |
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Definition
-genetics = inheritance and gene expression
-chromosomes are made of genes and inter genetic material
-Genes are segments of DNA
-genes provide instructions for making proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| involves passing genes through reproduction |
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Term
| simple forms of genetic impact on phenotype |
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Definition
| either dominant of recessive |
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Term
| observable characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| many genetic effects contribute to phenotypic variation |
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Term
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Definition
half of each chromosome comes from each parent
--enormous potential variation in the resulting zygotes genome
mutations also give rise to variations |
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Term
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Definition
twin studies
adoption studies
provide insight into genetic and environmental contributions to behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| quantifies the extent of genetic influence on phenotypes, varying from 0 to 100 percent |
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Term
| social and environmental influence genetic expression |
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Definition
-genes encode the potential for the developement of psychological characteristics
-final expression of genes is a complex transaction between genetic endowments and environmental contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| -> central nervous system or peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
brain - interprets and stores information and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs
-spinal cord - pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
Transmits information to and from the central nervous system
->Autonomic and Somatic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
automatically regulates glands, internal organs, and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure
-> parasympathetic division and sympathetic division |
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Term
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Definition
| carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains body functions under ordinary conditions, saves energy |
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Term
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Definition
| prepares the body to react and expand energy in times of stress |
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Term
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Definition
| long tube like structure that carries the neural message to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
gray fatty cells that:
-provide support for the neurons to grow on and around
-deliver nutrients to neurons
-produce myelin to coat axons
-clean up waste products and dead neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural process |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body |
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Term
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Definition
charged particles
-inside neuron - negatively charged
-outside neuron - positively charged |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the exon
-allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all |
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Term
| excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire |
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Term
| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing |
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Term
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Definition
| mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell |
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Term
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Definition
| block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast actions |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons
-interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself; divided into the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor neurons |
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Term
| electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Definition
| machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| brain imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain |
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Term
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| brain imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| computer makes a sort of "movie" of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods |
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Term
| Positron emission tomography |
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Definition
| brain imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| an are of the neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for selective attention |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor function |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area |
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Term
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Definition
| small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex |
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Term
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Definition
| curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input |
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Term
| electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) |
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Definition
| milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had received a message |
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Term
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Definition
| wrinkling of the cortex, allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull |
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Term
| why are mental disorders classified into categories |
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Definition
| the ability to investigate etiology (fundamental causes), and treatment efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the first diagnostic systems for classifying mental disorders, described in his textbook |
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Term
| what is currently used to classify mental disorders |
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Definition
| Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV) |
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Term
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Definition
1) clinical disorders (Schizophrenia, mood disorders, eating disorders)
2) Mental retardation or personality disorders (antisocial personality disorders, paranoia)
3)Medical conditions (cancer, obesity, epilepsy, etc)
4)psychosocial problems
5)overall assessment of how well the person is functioning |
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Term
| assessment of mental disorders |
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Definition
assessment refers to the process of examining a persons mental health functions and psychological health
-allows for a diagnosis to be made
-ongoing assessment can assist in understanding the effectiveness of treatment, identifying situations that might trigger relapse |
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Term
| unstructured clinical interview |
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Definition
-most common assessment tool
-allowing interviewers to express empathy, build rapport, and discover the nature of the client's problem |
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Term
| more structured interviews |
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Definition
| result in higher reliability - different clinicians agree about the diagnosis for the same patients |
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Term
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Definition
-ex. Minnesota miltiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
-consist of a series of self report questions, ex I worry frequently (true or false) |
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Term
| cause of mental disorders |
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Definition
| caused by an underlying vulnerability or predisposition (known as diathesis) to a mental disorder, triggered by stress |
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Term
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Definition
| vulnerability to a mental disorder, can be biological (genetic predisposition) or environmental (childhood trauma) or a combination |
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Term
| proximal psychological and social factors |
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Definition
-thoughts and emotions are shaped by the proximal environment
-environmental causes of depression more prominent at lower income levels |
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Term
| sex differences in mental disorders |
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Definition
| -disorders associated with internalizing are more prevalent in females, externalizing more prevalent in males |
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Term
| culture and mental disorders |
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Definition
| some syndromes seem to be more specific to specific cultures |
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Term
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Definition
-Has Positive and Negative symptoms
-well understood as a neurobiological disorder
-environmental factors also influence schizophrenia |
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Term
| evolution of ideas of what causes mental disorders |
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Definition
| from supernatural explanations to an understanding of biological, social, and psychological factors, and a more humane approach to treatment has evolved as a result |
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Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
can be conceptualized as behavioral excesses and include hallucinations, delusions, loosening of associations, disorganized and inappropriate behavior
--receptive to treatment by medication |
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Term
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| behavioral deficits, including flat or blunted affect, social withdrawal, lack of goal directed behaviors, more likely exhibited by men, more likely to be associated with a poorer prognosis bc maybe caused by structural abnormalities in the brain |
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Term
| how Schizophrenia works (genetics |
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Definition
those with schizophrenia have rare mutations of their DNA about three to four times more often than do healthy individuals
no single gene for schizophrenia, multiple genes contribute in subtle ways |
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Term
| brain abnormalities in schizophrenics |
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Definition
ventricles are enlarged
reduction in brain tissue mass (associated with more negative outcomes)
reduced activity in frontal and temporal regions |
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Term
| 5 factors that can possibility predict the onset of schizophrenia |
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Definition
1)family history of schizophrenia
2)greater social impairment
3)higher levels of suspicion/paranoia
4)history of substance abuse
5)higher levels of unusual thoughts
environmental stress also contributes to development |
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Term
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Definition
an internal disposition
-stable over time and consistent over situations |
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Term
| personality tests must be (2 things) |
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Definition
| reliable (similar results every time) and valid (measures the correct thing) |
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Term
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Definition
| found trait descriptive adjectives in the dictionary (17,953), but many overlapped |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 traits, Psychoticism, neuroticism, extraversion (PEN), each broken down into subcategories |
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Term
| Raymond Cattell's personality factors |
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Definition
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Term
| The Big Five personality traits |
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Definition
Openness to experience (curious, imaginative, wide interests
Conscientiousness (competent, ordered, self disciplined)
extraversion (outgoing, assertive, sensation seeking)
Agreeableness (compliant, trusting, modest)
Neuroticism (anxious, irritable, tense)
has been reliable/stable over time, agrees across multiple observers, predicts real world behaviors
OCEAN, CANOE, ACONE |
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Term
| intelligence (how we attempt to measure it) |
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Definition
| standardized tests: predict academic performance, but do not predict other life outcomes including job performance, salary, quality of marriage |
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Term
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Definition
1. awareness of our emotions
2. ability to regulate emotions
3. ability to control one's implses
4. ability to decode others emotional cues
5. skill in negotiation and conflict resolution |
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Term
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Definition
Walter Mischel and cookie test with children
-more socially competent
-better at concentration, planning
-still able to delay gratification in pursuit of goals |
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Term
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Definition
Empirico-deductive approach with 11 scales
3 factors (gigantic three)
-positive emotionality
-negative emotionality
-constraint |
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Term
| Which personality model is right |
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Definition
ask questions like which model correlates most strongly with important outcomes, not always helpful
--there is a great deal of overlap between many models, thus all may be correct |
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Term
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Definition
began with hippocrates around 400BC
relative amounts of humors accounted for how people are (one of the earliest biological theories of personality and disorder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| easily angered, temperamental |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
developed by Sigmund Freud
both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality |
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Term
| emphasis of psychoanalytic approach |
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Definition
| unconscious motivation, the main causes of behavior lie buried in unconscious mind, largely outdated but important due to influence |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
used to conceptualize personality as well as disorder, leading to humanistic psychotherapy
-free will
-self awareness
-psychological growth
-abraham maslow
-carl rogers |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological -> safety -> love/belonging -> esteem -> self-actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experience, self efficacy, and reciprocal determinism in personality |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| projective personality tests |
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Definition
-individual projects him/herself onto the test
-interpretation of an ambiguous image
-used to determine unconscious motives, conflicts, and psychological traits |
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Term
| drawbacks to projective tests |
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Definition
score is highly subjective
tests fail to produce consistent results
poor predictors of future behavior
only good at detecting thought disorder or suicidality |
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Term
| objective personality tests |
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Definition
psychological test in which an individual answers standardized questions about their behavior and feelings
-frequently self report
-answers are then compared to established norms, including things like the average score of individuals in a clinic |
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Term
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Definition
| healthy relationships, highly functioning work groups, consequences of happiness |
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Term
| what positive emotions do |
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Definition
1) broaden cognitive resources
2) increase problem solving ability |
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Term
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Definition
| happiness = what we have/what we want |
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