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| study of how people influence others' behaviour, belief, and attitudes |
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| process of assigning causes to behaviour |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behaviour
example: who do u think is smarter, Jeopardy contestants or Alex Trebek? (many students indicate the latter) |
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| theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others' |
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| outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion |
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| tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure |
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| studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable |
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tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities
example: zimbardo experiment |
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| emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision |
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tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
example: group of students who were slightly unprejudiced became even less prejudiced after discussing racial issues, whereas the opposite would happen to people who were slightly prejudiced |
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| groups of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause |
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| approach to convincing people to change their their minds about something first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking it |
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| adherence to instructions from those of higher authority |
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| error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. The presence of others makes each person feel less responsible for the outcome
example: if you don't assist someone who
s having a heart attack and that person later dies, you can always say that it wasn't your fault because there were other people around |
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Definition
| phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups |
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| helping others for unselfish reasons |
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| learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better |
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| behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically |
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| form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation |
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| conclusion regarding factual evidence |
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| belief that includes an emotional component |
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| personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes |
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Definition
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs. Developed by Leon Festinger (1950)
example: cognition A conflicts with cognition B, you either change cognition A or B or develop a new cognition (C) that rationalizes or justifies your answer |
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Definition
| theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours |
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| impression management theory |
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Definition
| theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes |
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| foot-in-the door technique |
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Definition
| persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one |
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| door-in-the-face technique |
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| persuasive technique involving making an unreasonable large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted |
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| persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed purchase the product |
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| drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating in evidence |
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| evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different |
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| tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group |
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| tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar |
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| negative behaviour toward members of out-groups |
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| a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of group that is applied generally to most members of the group |
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| implicit and explicit stereotypes |
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Definition
| beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we're either unaware (implicit) or aware (explicit) |
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| ultimate attribution error |
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Definition
| assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions |
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| claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misofrtunes |
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| claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason |
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| educational approach by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project |
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