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Definition
| published the first study of social psych in 1898: investigated the effect of competition on performance; perform better with others than alone |
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Definition
| a psychologist that published one of the first textbooks on social psych in 1908 |
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Definition
| a sociologist that published one of the first textbooks on social psych in 1908 |
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Definition
| 1950's- study showed that the course of a conversation changes dramatically based upon the feedback from others. helped establish reinforcement theory |
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Definition
| the perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill and much of their beh can be attributed to adopting those roles |
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Definition
| keystone in modern social psych- cognition, beliefs, feelings and beh predispositions; typically expressed in opinion statements, likes and dislikes etc |
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Definition
| people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference. inconsistencies are usually resolved by changing attitudes |
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Term
| Fritz Heider's balance theory |
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Definition
| a consistency theory; balance exists when a person, another person and a thing, idea or some other person all fit together. when there isn't balance there will be stress and a tendency to remove this stress. balance will exist in a triad if there are one or 3 positives. imbalance if there are zero or 2 positives. |
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Term
| Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory (social comparison theory) |
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Definition
| consistency theory- the conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not in sync with your behs. |
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Definition
| occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives. |
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Term
| post-decisional dissonance |
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Definition
| the dissonance that emerges after choosing between desirable alternatives (dissonance with the one that wasn't chosen) |
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Term
| spreading of alternatives |
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Definition
| the relative worth of the two alternatives is spread apart to reduce dissonance |
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Term
| forced compliance dissonance |
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Definition
| occurs when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his/her beliefs or attitudes |
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Term
| minimal justification effect |
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Definition
| when beh can be justified by means of external inducements (>$), there is no need to change internal cognitions. when external justification is minimal though, you will reduce your dissonance by changing internal cognitions. |
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Term
| 2 main principles of cog dissonance theory |
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Definition
| 1. if a person is pressured to do something contrary to his/her privately held attitudes, there will be a tendency for him/her to change those attitudes. 2. The greater the pressure to comply, the less this attitude change. change occurs when the beh is induced with min pressure. |
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Term
| Daryl Bem's self-perception theory |
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Definition
| used to explain forced-compliance. when your attitudes about something are weak, you observe your own beh and attribute an attitude to yourself. people infer when their attitudes are based upon observations of their own beh. |
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| if you reward people for something they already like doing, they may stop liking it. |
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Definition
| deal with attitude change as a process of communicating a message with the intent to persuade someone. 3 components: communicator,the communication and the situation. the communicator has greater persuasive impact if they are more credible. |
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Definition
| persuasive impact of the high credibility source decreased while the impact of the low cred course increased |
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| contain argument for and against a position; often used for persuasion since such seems "balanced" communication |
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Term
| Petty and Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of persuasion |
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Definition
| model that suggests that there are two routes to persuasion: the central and peripheral. if the issue is very important to us, it's central route to persuasion-strong arguments will change our minds more. if not, it's the peripheral route-the strength of the argument doesn't really matter; how, by whom or in what surrounding will matter. |
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Definition
| analogy of inoculation again diseases- people can be inoculated again the attack of persuasive communications |
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Definition
| when you try too hard to persuade someone of something, that person will choose to believe the opposite of your position |
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Definition
1. people prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means; when they can't, they compare themselves to other people.
2. the less the similarity of opinions and abilities btwn 2 ppl, the less the tendency to make these comparisons.
3. when a discrepancy exists, there is a tendency to change one' position so as to move it in the line with the group (need to affliate). |
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Definition
| found that greater anxiety leads to greater desire to affiliate. |
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Definition
| we tend to like people who indicate that they like us. we take into account the other person's evaluation of us. |
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Term
| Aronson and Linder gain-loss principle |
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Definition
| an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant. we will like someone more if their liking for us has increased (gain) than someone who has consistently liked us |
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Definition
| assumes that a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another. |
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Definition
| we consider not only our own costs and rewards but the costs and rewards of the other person; we prefer that the ratio be equal to the others ratio. |
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Definition
| people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs. |
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Definition
| a factor in attraction, people develop a greater liking for someone who lives within a few blocks than for someone in a diff neighborhood |
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Definition
| key figure in mere exposure research- repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it. |
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Term
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Definition
| helping beh in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him/herself |
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Term
| John Darley and Bibb Latane- bystander intervention |
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Definition
| social influence and diffusion of responsibility of bystanders |
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Definition
| leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency |
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Definition
| the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another and is thought to b3e a strong influence on helping beh. |
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Term
| Batson's empathy-altruism model |
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Definition
| when faced with situations in which other may need help, people might feel distress and/or they might feel empathy. both states determine helping beh. |
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Term
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
| when people are frustrated they act aggressively |
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| Bandura's social learning theory |
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Definition
| aggression is learned through modeling or reinforcement. Bobo doll exps. also people act aggressively because they expect some sort of reward for doing so. |
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Term
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Definition
| when you stare at a point of light in a dark room, the light will appear to move; used by Muzafer Sherif |
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Definition
| studied conformity and evaluated the concept of norm conformation. subject's solitary estimates changed so that the group agreed upon the amount of movement. |
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Term
| Solomon Asch's Conformity Study |
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Definition
| yielding to group pressure when no explicit demand has been made to do so. exp- compare length of lines; subjects conformed to confederates' incorrect responses |
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Term
| Stanley Milgram's Obedience Exp |
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Definition
| at yale, have subjects "shock" the learner. 65% continued beyond the danger severe shock switch. showed obedience to the experimenter even though he had no special authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request |
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Term
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Definition
| when people who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request |
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Term
| Clark and Clark doll preference study |
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Definition
| the majority of white and black children preferred the white doll when presented with both (1947). showed neg effects of racism on the self-concept of black children. |
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Term
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Definition
| those occasions when first impressions are more important than later ones |
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Term
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Definition
| when the more recent info about a perosn is the more important in forming our impressions |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's beh. dispositional causes- those that relate to the feature of the person. situational- external and are those that relate to features of the surroundings. bias towards making dispositional attributions. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to allow a general impression a bout a person to influence other, more specific evaluations. |
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Definition
| studied belief in a just world- good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people |
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Definition
| study at a small woman's college; students came from conservative families but college was liberal; students became more liberal at the college; 20yrs later though, women who married conservatives became more conservative again |
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Term
| Edward Hall and Proxemics |
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Definition
| cultural norms govern how far away we stand from people. |
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Term
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Definition
| argues that the presence of others increases arousal and enhances the emission of dominant responses. during learning, dominant responses are usually wrong. for experts, dominant responses are correct and the presence of other improves performance |
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Definition
| when people put forth less effect when part of a group than when acting individually |
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| social psychologist; people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous within a social environment. assigned student participants to be prisoners or guards- all given id numbers. many people had breakdowns b/c of deindividuation |
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Definition
| studied the ways that group decisions often go awry. examined historical documents that are considered serious mistakes like the bay of pigs. said groupthink is the tendency to strive for consensus by not considering discordant info. |
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Definition
| group decisions are riskier than the average of the individual choices; occurs when riskiness is culturally valued |
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Definition
| presented dilemmas to couples to examine risky shift; group decisions shifted toward caution instead; content can determine shift |
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Definition
| tendency for group to enhance the group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution |
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Definition
| supervised boys in an after school program with diff types of leadership- autocratic, democratic and laissez faire. l-f= less efficient, less satisfied; dem= more cohesive, most interest in work; auto= more hostile and dependent on their leader, best quality of work |
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Definition
| both cooperate and both get a better sentence or compete and one gets worse sentence |
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Definition
| Muzafer Sherif- put boys in separate groups, had them compete, hated each other then had them work together and they became friends |
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Term
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Definition
| John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, David Hume, James Mill, John Stuart Mill |
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Definition
| believed that society was a detriment to optimal development |
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Definition
| central characteristic- evolutionary theory stressed the importance of studying the mind as it functioned to help the individual adapt to the environment |
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Definition
| believed in the importance of env influences in child dev; accepted locke's tabula rasa; parents were charged with providing the right learning experiences while avoiding sentimental affection. study psych objectively- early behaviorist |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that dev occurred as a maturational process regardless of practice or training. he was a nativist- dev blueprint existed from birth |
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Definition
| in opposition to the behaviorists; influenced by Jean Piaget- saw children as actively involved in dev, constructing knowledge of the world through experiences with the env |
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Definition
| genetic studies of maze running abilities in rats. selectively bred rats based on their ability and found that differences intensified as the generations progressed. |
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Definition
| study of children with high IQs- first study looking at gifted children, large-scale and longitudinal. research suggests that IQ is heritable. |
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Term
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Definition
| extra 21st chromosome; varying levels of mental retardation; increased age of parents may increase risk |
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Term
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Definition
| a degenerative disease of the nervous system; the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine is lacking; treated by controlled diet; first genetic disease tested in large populations |
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Term
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Definition
| males have XXY; sterile and often have mental retardation |
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Definition
| females with only one X; fail to dev secondary sex characteristics and have physical abnormalities such as short fingers and odd shaped mouths |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts 2 wks from the time of conception; the cells develop and divide; travels down the fallopian tube and implants into the uterine wall |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts 8 wks, embryo increases in size by 2 million % or about 20,000 times; embryo grows to about an inch long and develops a human appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place during the 3rd month, beginning of measurable electrical activity in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, bringing their arms back to body and then hugging themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations and formal operational) |
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Term
| Piaget's principle of adaptation |
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Definition
| takes place through 2 complementary processes- assimilation and accommodation. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of interpreting new info in terms of existing schemata |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when new info doesn't fit into existing schemata; process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to this new info |
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Definition
| thought a child's internalization of aspects of culture drive cog dev |
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Term
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Definition
| often seen as a child begins to master complex general lang rules; "i runned to the store"; lang acquisition is the result of the active application of a dynamic internalized set of linguistic rules |
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Term
| language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| innate capacity for lang acquisition and is thought to be triggered by exposure to lang. |
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Term
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Definition
| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosocial theory; dev is a sequence of central life crises with either a favorable or unfavorable outcome |
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Term
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Definition
1- 1st yr; trust vs mistrust
2- 1-3 yrs; autonomy vs shame and doubt
3- 3-6 yrs; initiative vs guilt
4- 6-12 yrs; industry vs inferiority
5- adolescence; identity vs role confusion
6- young adulthood; intimacy vs isolation
7- middle age; generativity vs stagnation
8-old age; integrity vs despair |
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Term
| Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess |
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Definition
| performed a longitudinal study to examine temperament; categorized infants as easy, slow to warm up, and difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| studied baby Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers; baby monkeys preferred cloth mother over wire mother that provided food |
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Definition
| did naturalistic study on children in foster care or orphanages; children that lacked intimate body contact tended to be timid and asocial. |
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Term
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Definition
| studied the quality of child-parent attachment; type a- insecure/avoidant, type b- secure, type c- insecure/resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| studied imprinting, believed there are critical periods but others say there are sensitive periods |
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Term
| Lawrence Kolberg's stages |
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Definition
3 phases of moral thought with each phase consisting of 2 stage:
1- preconventional moraltiy- right and wrong are defined by punishment or reward; punishment and obedience/orientation towards reciprocity or instrumental relativist stage
2- conventional phase- based on social rules; good girl, nice boy orientation/law and order orientation
3- post-conventional morality- social contract orientation/universal ethical principles |
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Definition
| criticized Kohlberg's work; asserts that males and females adopt diff perspectives on moral issues; women are more interpersonal and focus on caring and compassion rather than rule-bound thinking of men |
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Term
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Definition
1- gender labeling- 2-3 yrs; realize they are a member of a particular sex
2- gender stability- 3-4 yrs; can predict that they will still be a boy or girl when they grow up
3- gender consistency- 4-7 yrs; understand the permanency of gender |
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Definition
| research on parenting child; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive |
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Definition
| early personality theorist; defined bio variables that he related to human behs; endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy |
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Definition
| published a textbook in which he noted that some symptoms of mental disorders occurred regularly enough that the patterns could be considered specific types of mental disorders. precursor to the DSM |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic theorist; thought of libido as psychic energy in general; identified the ego as the conscious mind; collective unconscious- a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. achetypes are thought or images that have an emotional element. |
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Term
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Definition
| persona (responds to demands of social convention), anima (feminine), animus (masculine), shadow (animal instincts); 2 major personality orietations= extroversion and introversion |
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Term
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Definition
| originator of the inferiority complex; striving toward superiority drives the personality; good to help others, when striving is selfish, it becomes the root of personality disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| adler- the force by which each individual shapes his or her uniqueness and makes his or her own personality |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superioity |
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Term
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Definition
| adler- notion that an ind is motivated more by his or her expectations of the furture than past experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| neortic personality is governed by one of ten needs. each need is directed toward making life and interactions bearable. ex- need for affection and approval. neurotic needs are same except they are disproportionate in intensity, they are indiscriminate in application, they partially disregard reality and they have a tendency to provoke intense anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of helplessness produces basic anxiety in children; overcome it by moving toward people, fighting people to obtain the upper hand, or moving away or withdrawing. highly threatened children will use one rigidly, later personality disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| founder of ego psychology; psychotherapy could profit from more direct investigation of the conscious ego and its relation to the world, unconscious, and superego. |
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Term
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Definition
| "object" refers to the symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child's personality. look at the creation and development of these internalized objects in young children. Klein, Winnicot, Mahler, Kernberg |
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Term
| John Dollard and Neal Miller |
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Definition
| blended some psychoanalytic concepts in a behavioral s-r reinforcement theory approach. focused on conflicting motives in the dev of personality |
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Term
| Martin Seligman's Learned Helplessness theory |
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Definition
| dogs stopped jumping when shocked b/c they could not escape cell; later they still did not jump even when there were low walls. |
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Term
| Beck's cognitive therapy for depression |
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Definition
| the client might be asked to write down neg thoughts about him or herself, figure out why they are unjustified and come up with more realistic cognitions |
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Term
| Albert Ellis' rational-emotive therapy |
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Definition
| people dev irrational ways of thinking; the therapist might challenge an irrational belief to help the client recognize and change them to more rational ones. |
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Term
| humanism or phenomenologicalism |
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Definition
| emphasis on internal processes rather than overt beh |
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Term
| Kurt Lewin's field theory |
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Definition
| heavily influenced by Gestalt psych; saw personality as being dynamic and constantly changing; regions should operate in an integrated fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| humanistic theorist; known for his hierarchy of human motives and for his view on self-actualization; studied inds who he thought were self-actualizers (famous people); more likely to have peak experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| humanist; hypothesized the notion of the ind as scientist who tests predictions about the beh of significant people in his or her life. anxious person is one who is having difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in his or her env |
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Term
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Definition
| humanist/phenomenologicalist; client-centered therapy or nondirective therapy; people have the freedom to control their own beh. client can determine his own destiny; help the client become willing and able to help him or herself; climate of unconditional positive regard |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt to characterize people according to specific types of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| trait theorist; used factor analysis to measure personality in a more comprehensive way; 16 basic trait that constitute the building blocks of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| also used factor analysis to dev a personality theory; broad dimensions of personality were types which were followed by more specific traits. used Jung's extroversion and introversion, and emotional stability-neuroticism, psychoticism |
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Term
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Definition
| trait theorist; 3 types of traits: cardinal, central and secondary; said personality theorists should use the idiographic or morphogenic approach- study groups of inds and try to find commonalities |
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Term
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Definition
| allport- a given activity of beh may become an end or goal in itself regardless of its original reason for existence. |
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Term
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Definition
| identified the personality trait "the need for achievement (nAch). avoid high risks and low risks; they set realistic goals and do not continue striving if success is unlikely |
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Term
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Definition
| classified people according to their degree of field-dependence. one pole is the capacity to make specific responses to perceived stimuli (field-independence) and the other is a more diffuse response to a perceived mass or undiff stimuli (field dependence) |
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Term
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Definition
| internal and external locus of control; people with high self-esteem have external loc and people with low self-esteem have internal loc |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality trait that refers to someone who is manipulative and deceitful |
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Term
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Definition
| theory on gender identity that is related to personality theory; masculinity and femininity must be two separate dimensions; androgeny is defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine |
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Term
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Definition
| challenged the concept of personality traits; believes that human beh is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by those of the person |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical disorder w/ exception of personality disorders and mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| personality disorders and mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| for recording any medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or treating the client's mental disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| used to indicate any psychosocial or environmental stresses that may influence progression, treatment or outcome of the disorders from Axis I or II. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates the clinician's judgment of the client's overall functioning level (Global Assessment of Functioning). |
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Term
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Definition
| term used for schizophrenia before Eugen Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia in 1911 |
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Term
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Definition
| may involved the belieft of an individual that others are talking about him or her; may believe that common elements in the env are directed at him or her |
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Term
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Definition
| involved the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against or threatened. |
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Term
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Definition
| involve the belief by the patient that he or she is a remarkable person, such as an inventor, historical figure |
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Term
| prodromal phase of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| before a patient is diagnosed, he or she goes through a phase characterized by poor adjustment: deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar beh, inappropriate affect and unusual experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| onset of symptoms is intense and sudden, has a better prognosis than process schizophrenia |
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Term
| 5 subtypes of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| catatonic, paranoid, disorganized, undifferentiated and residual |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to recall past experience; not due to a neurological disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| amnesia that accompanies a sudden move away from one's home or location of usual daily activities; may assume a new identity |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person's beh |
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Term
| depersonalization disorder |
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Definition
| the person feels detached, like an outside observer of his or her mental processes and/or beh |
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Term
| schizoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression |
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Term
| narcissistic personality disorder |
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Definition
| a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, an exhibitionistic need for constant admiration and attention. have very fragile self-esteem |
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Term
| borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| show beh that has features of both personality disorders and some of the more severe psychological disorders, pervasive instability in interpersonal beh, mood and self-image. may be profound identity disturbances, intense fear of abandonment |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness and/or lack of remorse for said actions |
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Term
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Definition
| having a predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder which can be triggered by stress; an individual whose brain is oversensitive to DA and who also experiences excessive stress may be likely to develop schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1973- admitted himself and 7 other sane people to diff psychiatric hospitals. once admitted, they acted normally yet b/c they were labeled mentally ill, the staffed interpreted the normal activities as evidence of illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| outspoken critic of labeling people mentally ill; argues that most of the disorders treated by clinicians are not really illnesses. labeling people as mentally ill is a way to force them to change and conform to social norms. The myth of mental illness is his book. |
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Term
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Definition
| titchner- breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection |
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Term
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Definition
| james and dewey- stream of consciousness; studies how mind functions to help people adapt to env; attacked structuralism |
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Term
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Definition
| watson and skinner- psychology as objective study of beh; attacked mentalism and the use of introspection; attacked structuralism and functionalism |
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Term
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Definition
| Wertheimer, kohler and koffka- whole is something other than the sum of its parts; attacked structuralism and behaviorism |
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Term
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Definition
| chomsky- behaviorism is not an adequate explanation of human beh; humans think, believe and are creative |
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Term
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Definition
| freud, jung, adler- beh is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression and defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| maslow and rogers- looks at people as wholes; humans have free will; psychologists should study mentally healthy people, not just mentally ill |
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Term
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Definition
| had one of the earliest theories that beh, intellect and personality might be linked to brain anatomy. he developed phrenology. |
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Term
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Definition
| early 19th century; first person to study the functions of the major sections of the brain by ablation. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that is was important to study how the mind functioned in adapting to the env; functionalism; theory of link between physiology and emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| functionalism; believed tyhat psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to the env |
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Term
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Definition
| examined the beh deficits of people with brain damage; demonstrated that specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| identified the law of specific nerve energies- each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy; the brain interprets any stimulation of that nerve as being that kind of energy; depends more on the part of the brain than the particular stimulus |
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Definition
| first to measure the speed of the nerve impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| ACh is the transmitter associated with this division of the NS |
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Definition
| where the brain meets the spinal cord; balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and arousal processes |
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Term
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Definition
| manages sensorimotor reflexes that promote survival |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptual, cog and beh processes; emotion and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with emotion and memory; aggression, fear, pleasure and pain |
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Term
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Definition
| term for evolutionary dev in humans (cerebral cortex) |
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Term
| divisions of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| lateral (hunger center, rage), ventromedial (satiety center), anterior hypothalamus (aggressive sexual beh), hypothalamus (homeostatic fxns, drive behs, fight or flight) |
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Term
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Definition
| when part of the hypothalamus is destroyed and the animal refuses to eat and drink |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive eating due to lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus "satiety center" |
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Term
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Definition
| linked to social withdrawal, flat affect and catatonic states |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the primary pleasure center in the brain; discovered by James Olds and Peter Milner; also acts to inhibit aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| defensive and aggressive behs; lesions to it result in docility and hypersexual states |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by removal of the amygdala; hypersexuality and docility |
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Term
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Definition
| memory; HM- anterograde amensia; described by Brenda Milner |
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Term
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Definition
| researched the physiology of visual perception |
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Term
| Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga |
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Definition
| studied the effects of severing the corpus callosum; showed that it allowed for sharing of info between hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| K ions are located inside the cell and Na ions are outside; Na move from outside to inside and K move outside- keeps inside of cell negative at resting potential otherwise the inward flow of Na ions would cancel out the neg charge. the Na ions are pumped back out. |
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Term
| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| corresponds to the depolarization; is the achievement of the AP; the neuron is completely unresponsive to additional stimulation |
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Term
| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| occurs after AP has spiked; corresponds to repolarization; a stronger stimulation is required to reach threshold potential |
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Term
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Definition
| antipsychotic meds, thought to reduce the sensitivity of DA receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated the patient's cortex with an electrode which leads individual neurons to fire, thereby activating the beh response asso with those neurons. able to map the brain's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| did single-cell recording in the visual cortex of cats |
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Term
| regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) |
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Definition
| detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain; used with CAT, PETs and MRIs |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote about many neuropsych disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| affects perceptual recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment in the organization of motor action; have problems executing step-by-step sequences in everyday acts |
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Term
| sleep stages and EEG patterns |
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Definition
| beta, alpha, theta and delta, REM. cycles last 90 mins |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by sleep spindles- short bursts of alpha waves; also slower freqs and the waveform becomes irregular and jagged |
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Term
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Definition
| theta waves, slower, and K complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| slower and only a few sleep waves per second are seen; low freq, high voltage delta waves |
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Term
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Definition
| deepest sleep state, delta waveform reaches its slowest rate and sleep spindles are at their steepest |
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Term
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Definition
| desynchronized sleep; EEG brain waves look like beta brain waves but muscle tone remains relaxed. |
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Term
| james-lange theory of emotion |
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Definition
| proposed that we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reactions to some external event; emphasized the role of the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| argued that awereness of emotions reflects of physiological arousal and our cognitive experience of emotion; bodily changes and emotional feelings occur simultaneously; argued that subjective experience of emotion must affect specific neural circuits, and that diff circuits correspond to diff emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed the two-factor theory of emotion- the subjective experience of emotion is based on the interaction between changes in physiological arousal and cog interpretation of that arousal. it is the individual's appraisal of the situation that determines the interpreation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1834 introduced the notion of just noticeable difference in sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| formulated Weber's law- a mathematical expression of Weber's discovery about jnd's |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the first researchers interested in individual differences, maintained an anthropometric lab which saw nearly 10,000 people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gestalt psychologist; studied the phi phenomenon- led him to conclude that the experience of the visual illusion has a wholeness about it that is different from the sum of its parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system. the amount of stimulus that an individual can perceive. |
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Term
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Definition
| how diff two stimuli must be before they are perceived to be different. compare a standard stimulus to a comparison stimulus, which is diff from the value of the standard stimulus. subject would have to adjust comparison stimulus's weight until it matches that of the standard stimulus, after repeated trials, the differences between the weight of the standard stim and the comparison are averaged to find the difference threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| states that the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a jnd divided by the stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus is a constant; ?I/I=K?; the smaller the K, the btter the sensitivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| expresses the relationship between the intensity of the sensation and the intensity of the stimulus; derived from weber's law and determined the sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested that fechner's law might be incorrect; also related s the intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that other, nonsensory factors (experiences, motives, and expectations) influence what the subject say she senses |
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Term
| receiver operating characteristic (ROC) |
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Definition
| curves that are employed by many researchers to graphically summarize a subject's responses by measuring the operating characteristics of a subject receiving signals; refined by John A. Swets |
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Term
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Definition
| the clear, domelike window in the front of your eye; gathers and focuses the incoming light |
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Term
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Definition
| the hole in the iris, contracts in bright light and expands in dim light |
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Term
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Definition
| the colored part of the eye, has involuntary muscles and autonomic nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| lies right behind the iris, helps control the curvature of the light coming in and can focus near or distant objects on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| in the back of the eye and is like a screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels; image detecting part of the eye |
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Term
| duplexity or duplicity theory of vision |
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Definition
| states that the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors; makes light pass through intermediate sensory neurons before reaching the rods and cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| for color vision and fine detail; most effective in bright light |
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Term
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Definition
| allow perception only of achromatic colors; most effective in reduced illumination; have low sensitivity to detail |
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Term
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Definition
| middle section of the retina; contains only cones; there are less cones and more rods as you move away from this area |
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Term
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Definition
| rods and cones connect w/ bipolar neurons, which connect with ganglion cells, the ganglion cells group together to form the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| hubel and wiesel; suggests that certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain feature of stimuli; 3 types of cells: simple (orientation and boundaries), complex (advanced orientation info, movement)and hypercomplex (abstract concepts such as object shape). |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical, objective measurement that is simply the amount of light falling on a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjective impression of the intensity of a light stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the only photopigment in rods; becomes bleached by light; made up of vitamin A derivative called retinal and a protein called opsin. when it absorbs light, it decomposes into retinene and opsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas |
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Term
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Definition
| related to the wavelength of the light; human eye can see wavelengths from 400 to 800 nanometers; |
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Term
| subtractive color mixture |
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Definition
| occurs when we mix pigments (ex yellow and blue make green) |
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Term
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Definition
| has to do with lights, mixing red and green lights makes yellow. |
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Term
| Young-Helmhotz- trichromatic theory |
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Definition
| suggests that the retina contains three different types of color receptors (cones), which are differentially sensitive to different colors (red, blue, and green); all other colors are produced by combined stimulation of these receptors; modern research says he's right |
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Term
| Ewald Hering's opponent-process theory |
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Definition
| held that yellow must be one of the primary colors; colors arranged in opposing pairs (red and green, blue and yellow). red would excite a red-green cell and green would inhibit a red-green cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| led Hering to his theory; a visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| aka overlap; the cue for depth perception when one object covers another object, we see one object as in front. |
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Term
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Definition
| as an object gets farther away, its image on the retina gets smaller. you can tell how far away something is from you relative to another object by comparing the size of the images on the retina with what you know about their actual sizes |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the convergence of parallel lines in the distnace |
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Term
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Definition
| JJ Gibson; refers to the variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer |
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Term
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Definition
| objects closer to you than your fixation point appear to move in the same direction you do; the perceived speed at which these objects appear to move also varies depending on how close the object is to your fixation point |
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Term
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Definition
| when an object rather than the perceiver moves, the motion of that object gives us cues about the relative depth of parts of the object |
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Term
| binocular disparity or stereopsis |
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Definition
| depends on the fact that the distance between the eyes provides us with two slightly disparate views of the world; combined with binocular parallax= perception of depth |
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Term
| Gestalt laws that explain form perception |
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Definition
| proximity, similarity, good continuation, closure, pragnanz |
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Term
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Definition
| Wolfgang Kohler; suggests that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| data-driven; object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus on the basis of fixed rules. it then sums up the components to arrive at teh whole pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| object perception that is guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components |
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Term
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Definition
| when two or more stationary lights flicker in succession they tend to be perceived as a single moving light |
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Term
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Definition
| a stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves |
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Term
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Definition
| a stationary point of light when viewed in an otherwise totally dark room appears to move; probably caused by involuntary eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual angle determines the size of the image on the retina; determined by the size of the object and the distance between the object and they eye |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the relationship between size constancy and apparent distance. size constancy depends on apparent distance; the farther away the object appears to be, the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object |
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Term
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Definition
| a rectangular door is still seen as a rectangle even if it looks like a trapezoid or line when it's in diff positions |
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Term
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Definition
| despite changes in the amount of light falling on an object, the apparent lightness of the object remains unchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| the perceived color of an object does not change when we change the wavelength of the light we see |
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Term
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Definition
| designed by Fantz; two diff stimuli are presented side by side. the amount of time spent looking at each one is recorded. if there is a diff in the time spent looking at each stimuli, then it can be inferred that the infant can discriminate between the two stimuli. |
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Term
| habituation (vision in infants) |
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Definition
| rest on the finding that when a new stimulus is presented to an infant, the infant will orient towards it. once the infant sops attending to this stimulus, the experimenter will introduce a new stimulus. if the infant cannot tell the diff, the infant will remain disinterested. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of cycles per second; measured in Hertz; inversely related to wavelength; humans range from 20-20,000 Hertz |
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Term
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Definition
| the amplitude of the sound wave; measured in decibels; over 140 decibels tends to be painful; related to loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjective experience of the intensity of the sound |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjective experience of the frequency of the sound |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the quality of the sound |
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Term
| eardrum or tympanic membrane |
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Definition
| vibrates in phase with the incoming sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
| hammer, anvil and stirrup (malleus, incus, stapes); transit the vibrations of the typanum to the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| where the edge of the stirrup/stapes rests; entrance to the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the inner ear; filled with saltwater-like fluid called cochlear fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane that runs the length of the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| rests on the basilar membrane along its entire length; composed of thousands of hair cells; the hair cells are the receptors for hearing. when they bend, the bending is transduced into electrical charges. the signals are then transmitted out of the cochlea along the nerve fiber which then connect to the auditory nerve |
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Term
| Helmholtz's Place-Resonance theory |
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Definition
| each different pitch causes a diff place on the basilar membrane to vibrate. these diff places of disturbance would cause diff hair cells to bend |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that the basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and that the rate of the vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus. pitch is determined by the frequency of impulses traveling up the nerve. cannot be applied to tones abve 1000 Hz. modified by Wever and Bray- vollying principle- high rates of firing can be maintained if nerve fibers work together |
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Term
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Definition
| found that movement of the basilar membrane is maximal in a different place along the basilar membrane for each diff frequency (although whole membrane vibrates for any given stimulus). high freqs maximally vibrate near the oval window; low freqs- near the apex of the cochlea. 400Hz vibs a broad part of the mem |
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Term
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Definition
| Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure), Meissner (touch), Merkle discs, Ruffini endings (warmth) and free nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the temperature of the skin; helps judge temp |
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Term
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Definition
| a special gating mechanism can turn pain signals on or off, thus affecting whether we perceive pain or not; located in the spinal cord and able to block sensory input from large, thick sensory fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of bodily position and includes aspects of both the vestibular and kinesthetic sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| our sense of balance and of our bodily position relative to gravity; receptors are the semicircular canals; in the inner ear behind the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| has to do with the awareness of body movement and position, specifically with muscle, tendon and joint position |
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Term
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Definition
| said that selective attention acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and our processing systems. if a stimulus is attended to, it will be passed through the filter and further analyzed. recent evidence that it is not true. |
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Term
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Definition
| two ears are simultaneously presented with two different messages. generally listeners are asked to shadow/repeat one of the messages presented. observers can attend to one message and dampen out the other one. |
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Term
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Definition
| performance is worse at extremely low or extremely high levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the early psychologists who studied learning; functionalist; early behaviorist; developed law of effect |
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Term
| Clark Hull's theory of motivation or drive-reduction theory |
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Definition
| suggested that the goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives; reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| ethology; rejected the idea that animal beh could be understood in the lab; observe the animal in its natural env |
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Term
| second order conditioning |
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Definition
| a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS rather than an UCS. stage 1= regular CC, stage 2= present a new UCS stimulus just before presenting the CS but without presenting the food- still salivates to new CS |
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Term
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Definition
| two neutral stimuli are paired together and then one of the neutral stimuli is paired with an UCS; stage 1= pair 2 neutral stimuli; stage 2= pair the bell with UCS of food; animal will salivate to the bell alone; flashing the light also elicits salivation even though they were never paired together |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested CC was a matter of learning signals for the UCS. To the extent that the CS is a good signal and that it has informational value, or is a good predictor of the UCS, the CS and UCS will be come associated- contingency explanation of CC |
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Term
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Definition
| stage 1= rats heard a hissing noise and were then given an electrical shock, feared hissing alone; stage 2= hissing noise and a light were presented at the same time, followed by the UCS; light presented alone, no fear response; already had hissing as good predictor, light didn't provide useful info/redundant. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on learning the relationship between one's actions and their consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| thorndike; if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| developed systematic desensitization |
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Term
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Definition
| conducted experiments with rats in mazes to show that beh isn't always simply a matter of s-r learning. cognitive map- a mental representation of a physical space. he showed that rats were able to form cog maps of mazes |
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Term
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Definition
| rats who received the UCS of nausea-inducing drug showed a conditioned aversion to sweet water but not to bright-noisy water and the rats who had received the UCS of show showed a conditioned aversion to the bright-noisy water but not to the sweet water |
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Term
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Definition
| ethologist who introduced experimental methods into the field, enabling the construction of controlled conditions; exp with male stickleback fish- red belly is a sign stimulus and releaser |
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Term
| innate releasing mechanism |
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Definition
| some mechanism in the animal's nervous system that serves to connect the stimulus with the right response |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| when an animal's beh decreases its reproductive fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that animals act to increase their inclusive fitness, rather than their reproductive fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and the number of other relatives who live to reproductive age |
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Term
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Definition
| sociobiologist; adamant in his belief that beh is due to a complex and dynamic interplay between genetics and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| structuralist; break down consciousness into its elements, or specific mental structures. used introspection; was a Wundt trained psychologist (Wundt used introspection). |
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Term
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Definition
| linguist; paved the way for modern cog psych; opposed behaviorist's position that speech is best explained by oper conditioning. argued that lang study is the most viable route to understanding the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| famous exp used nonsense syllables to study memory; did exp on himself; measured how much of the original list he remembered by using method of savings- after memorizing the initial list, he compared the number of times he had to read the list in order to rememorize it |
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Term
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Definition
| used method of saving to create it; the percent saving originally decreases rapidly but then reaches a plateau after which decrease in percentage savings is minimal |
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Term
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Definition
| holds that there are several diff memory systems and that each system has a diff function; suggests that memories enter the various systems in a specific order (sensory, short-term/working, long-term) |
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Term
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Definition
| contains fleeting impression of sensory stimuli; info does not last long is this memory; at most, for a few seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects looked for a fraction of a seconds at a visual display of nine items. they were then asked to recall as many of the items as they could (avg 4 out of 9) |
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Term
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Definition
| devised partial-report procedure- used 3 X 3 matrix flashed for a fraction of a second but asked subjects to report only one row of the array. immediately after the presentation, a high, med or low tone was presented, indicating which row to recall. subjects' recall was nearly perfect suggesting the capacity of sensory memory was about 9. |
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Term
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Definition
| info remains in this type of memory for 20 secs; if it is rehearsed the info can stay for a relatively long time= maintenance rehearsal; can keep 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of info in this memory |
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Term
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Definition
| considered to be the permanent storehouse of your experiences, knowledge and skills; info gets into this type of memory by elaborative rehearsal |
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Term
| semantic verification task |
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Definition
| subjects are asked to indicate whether or not a simple statement presented is true or false. the experimenter measures the time it takes the subject to respond, or the response latency. the pattern of response latency will provide info on how semantic knowledge is stored in l-t memory |
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Term
| spreading activation model |
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Definition
| collins and loftus; the shorter the distance between two words, the closer the words are related in the semantic memory. |
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Term
| semantic feature-comparison model |
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Definition
| smith, shoben and rips; suggests that concepts are represented by sets of features, some of which are required for that concept and some of which are typical of that concept |
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Term
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Definition
| craik and lockart; suggests that what determines how long you will remember material is not what memory system it gets into, but the way in which you process the material; analyzed in stages- physical (visual), acousitical, semantic; the deeper the processing and the greater the effort, the better your memory will be. |
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Term
| Paivio's dual-code hypothesis |
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Definition
| info can be stored in two ways: visually and verbally. abstract info encoded verbally and concrete info encoded visually. |
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Term
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Definition
| conceptual frameworks we use to organize our knowledge. trying to make our experiences fit into our existing schemata can lead to distortions in our memories |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between original learning and the later attempted recall; proactive- what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later, retroactive- occurs when you forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of associating info with some sequence of places with you are familiar |
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Term
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Definition
| studied memory in a classic study that used the War of Ghosts, a Native Am fold tale. found that subject reconstructed the story in line with their own expectations and schema for a ghost story. |
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Term
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Definition
| studied eyewitness memories and the tendency for eyewitnesses to be influenced or confused by misleading info. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks |
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Term
| Luchins water-jar problem |
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Definition
| in this task, subjects are asked to obtain a particular amount of water in one of the jars. by last problem, you develop a mental set based on how you figured out to solve the previous problems |
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Term
| Guilford's test of divergent thinking |
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Definition
| attempt to measure creativity; div thinking is thinking that involves producing as many creative answers to a question as possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| investigated how our decision-making process can sometimes go awry; found that humans use heuristics- short-cuts or rules to make decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| used when we try to decide how likely something is. we make our decisions based upon how easily similar instances can be imagined. we use info most readily available in memory to make our decision |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| involves categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical or representative image of the category. using prototypical or stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical info about which category is more numerous is called base-rate fallacy |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest sound units of lang |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest units of meaning in a lang eg. walked contained 2- walk and ed |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that lang is acquired through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and/or modeling |
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Term
| cognitive developmental theorist |
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Definition
| believe that lang has to do with the child's capacity for symbolic though, which develops toward the end of the sensorimotor period, continues to develop according to the child's cog level |
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Term
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Definition
| Chomsky; believed that there must be some sort of innate, biological based mechanism for lang acquisition. |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual word order of the words in a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| an underlying form that specifies the meaning of the sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| tell us how we can change one structure into another |
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Term
| Whorfian hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| suggests that our perception of reality is determined by the content of lang |
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Term
| Elanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin |
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| found evidence of better verbal abilities in girls in their studies |
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| suggested that individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in the amount of a general, unitary factor which he called g. |
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| identified seven abilities which be called primary mental abilities and used factor analysis with factors more specific than g but more general than s. |
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| Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory |
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| suggests that there are 3 aspects to intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual |
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| theory of multiple intelligences; argued that western culture vales linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities over the others. |
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| divided mental abilities into fluid intelligence (ability to quickly grasp relationship in novel situations and make correct deductions from them) and crystallized intelligence (ability to understand relationships or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired as a result of schooling or other life experiences. crys int increases throughout the lifespan but fluid int gradually increases throughout childhood and adolescence, levels off and begins a steady decrease with advanced age |
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| a prominent educational psychologist who studied intelligence. claimed that intelligence as measured by IQ tests was almost entirely genetic in nature and that you could not teach someone to score high on IQ tests. focused on differences in IQ scores across racial lines |
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| published a two volume book about parallel distributed processes (PDP), proposing that info processing is distributed across the brain and is done in a parallel fashion |
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| metacognition and metamemory |
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| refer to a person's ability to think about and monitor cognition and memory |
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| founded the first psych lab; believed that experimental psych has a very limited use; proposed cultural psych to study the higher mental processes |
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| showed that higher mental processes could be studied using experimental methodology. did memory study with nonsense syllables |
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| strongly believed that there could be imageless thought; disagreed with Wundt |
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| studied under Wundt, introduced mental testing to the US. |
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| 1st intelligence test, purpose was to assess the intelligence of French children to ascertain which children were too mentally retarded to benefit from ordinary schooling. introduced the concept of mental age; later revised by Terman and became known as the stanford-binet intelligence test |
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| developed an equation to compare mental age to chronological age, which became to be know as IQ |
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| concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying, and summarizing a collection of actual observations |
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| researchers generalize beyond actual observations; concerned with making an inference from the sample involved in the research to the population of interest and to provide an estimate of popular characteristics |
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| the square of the standard deviation and is a description of how much each score varies from the mean |
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| 68% of scores will fall within 1 sd; 96 will fall within 2 sd and 4 will fall beyond 2 sd |
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| subtract the mean of the distribution from your score and divide the difference by the sd |
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| has a mean of 50% and a sd of 10. often used in test score interpretation |
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| another type of descriptive statistic that measure to what extent two variables are related; range fro -1 to +1 |
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| uses correlations; attempts to account for the interrelationships found among various variables by seeing how groups of variables "hang together"; a cluster of variables highly correlated with each other is assumed to be measuring the same thing/ a factor |
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| allow us to use a relatively small batch of actual observations to make conclusions about the entire population of interests |
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| shows that the alternative hypothesis is supported by the data by showing that other possible hypotheses (null hypothesis) are inconsistent with the data collected; null hypothesis- the pop mean is the same as the sample mean; can tell us the probability that our observed diff is due to chance |
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| the criterion of significance (usually .05) |
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| mistakenly reject the null hypothesis, there is really no difference between the pop values mentioned by the null hyp and a statistically sig result was obtained by chance; a true null hyp was rejected; chance of making this type of error is the same as the criterion |
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| accept the null hyp when it is faslse; a stat insig result was obtained and the null hyp was accepted, even though the null hyp was false; prob of making this type of error is called Beta |
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| used to compare the means of two groups |
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| to compare more than 2 groups, estimate how much group means differ from each other by comparing the between-group; variance to the within-group variance using a ratio called the F ratio; a larger F ratio= more statistically sig; can assess interactions and helps ascertain if the IV influenced the DV |
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| work with categorical rather than numerical data; end up with freqs or proportions; use when indiv observations are names or categories |
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| involves assessing an indiv's performance in terms of how that indiv performs in comparison to other; problem- the pop to whom the tests will be administered can and often does change, making it no longer be representative of the pop |
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| domain-reference testing/criterion-ref |
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| concerned with the question of what the test taker knows about a specified content domain; performance on such a test is described in terms of what the test taker knows or can do; eg the written test for a driver's license; not important how you score in relation to peers but whether you have mastery of the rules |
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| the consistency with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measure |
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| standard error of measurement (SEM) |
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| an index of how much on average we expect a person's observed score to vary from the score the person is capable of receiving based on actual ability; best would be zero but it is not possible, the smaller the test's SEM the better; provides info in regard to a test's reliability |
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| the same test is administered to the same group of people twice; estimates the inter-indiv stability of test scores over time |
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| the examinees are given tow diff forms of a test that are taken at two diff times |
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| test takers only take one test, but that one test is divided into equal halves. scores on one half are correlated with the scores on the other half |
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| concerned with the extent to which a test actually measure what it purports to measure; examine the relationship between performance on the test in question and other independent and objective sources of info about the knowledge or behs of interest |
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| refers to its coverage of the particular skills or knowledge area that it is supposed to measure |
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| refers to whether or not the test items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure |
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| has to do with how well the test can predict an ind's performance on an established test of the same skill or knowledge area; cross validation involves testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample after you demonstrated validity using an initial sample |
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| construct validity/convergent |
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Definition
| refers to how well performance on the test fits into the theoretical framework related to what is is you want the test to measure; also have to show that performance on the test is not correlated with other variables theory predicts that test performance should not be related to= discriminant validity |
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| nominal/categorical scale |
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| scale of measurement that labels observations so that they can be categorized |
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| observations are ranked in terms of size or magnitude |
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| uses actual numbers, not ranks |
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| unlike interval scales, there is a true zero point that indicates the total absence of the quantity being measured |
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| used to predict what one can accomplish through training; used to predict future performance; include IQ tests |
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| attempt to assess what one knows or can do now; they can test adequacy of learning content and skill |
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| problem- after a certain age, chronological age increases while mental age does not. even if your mental age remains constant, your IQ will decrease with age |
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| tells us how far away a person's score is from the average score for the particular age group the subject is a member of |
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| have all items of a given type grouped into subtests |
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| a self-rating device usually consisting of somewhere between 100-500 statements; asked to determine if the given statements apply to him or her |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
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Definition
| 550 statements to which subjects respond true, false, or cannot say. yields scores on ten clinical scales, measuring things like depression, schiz and masculinity/femininity; high scores can lead to the rejection of the test record |
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| empirical criterion-keying approach |
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Definition
| how the MMPI was developed by Hathaway and McKinley; tested thousands of questions and retained those that differentiated between patient and nonpatient pops. each criterion group's response formed the basis of a particular clinical scale |
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| California Psychological Inventory (CPI) |
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| personality inventory that is based on the MMPI; developed to be used with normal populations from age 13 and up. 20 scales that measure traits such as dominance, sociability, self-control etc; all scores are expressed as standard scores with a mean and sd derived from standardization samples |
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| stimuli are relatively ambiguous, the test taker is not limited to a small number of possible responses; asked to interpret what he or she sees, scoring is subjective |
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| 10 cards that are reproductions of ink blots, clinician interprets the results based upon what the person saw and the spontaneous remarks that the person may have made |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| devised by Morgan and Murray and consists of 20 simple pics depicting scenes that have ambiguous meanings; test taker is told to tell a story about what is happening |
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| 12 cartoon like pics that feature a little dog; each pic depicts a situation designed to correspond to a particular stage of psychosexual dev |
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| Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank |
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Definition
| test taker is provided with 40 sentences and is asked to complete them; theory is that the test taker will fill in the blanks with whatever is on his or her mind |
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| refers to the tendency of people to accept and approve the interpretation of their personality that you give them |
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| used to assess an individual's interest in diff lines of work, eg Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; interpretation of results is based on Holland's model of occupational themes (RIASEC system) |
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