Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

classification system that describes features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems

Deviant behavior

Deviant behavior must accompany distress

Behaviors that interfere with daily life are dysfunctional

A person may pose a danger to themselves or others

labels can stigmatize people

bias- psychatrist only knows what the client tells them, psychatrists opinion

drug continues despite significant life disruption

Why do people use drugs?-

+/- reinforcements

short term benefits

avoid negative withdrawl symptoms

greater dose is needed to acheive same effect

continued use to drug produces tolerance

increase CNS activity, heighten arousal and activity levels

cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, ecstasy

decrease CNS activity, calming

alcohol- increases GABA

marijuana

relieve pain, highly addictive

derived from opium

also called narcotics

heroin

alter sensation and percpetion, often cause visual and auditory hallucinations

marijuana?

Psychological symptoms: pervasive worrying, anxious feelins and thoughts, "free-floating" anxiety with no attatchment to a specific subject

Physical symptoms: autonomic arousal, trembling, sweating, figeting, agiatation, sleep disruption, trouble focusing, muscle tension

intense fear or discomfort in social situations

irrational fear of being publically humiliated or embarassed

repetitive intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors to fend off thoughts (compulsions)

"common cold" of mental disorders

the label is a problem in this disorder

depressed, irritable, decreased interests or pleasure, feeling worthless, fatigue, loss of energy, sleep or appetite disturbance

manic-depressive disorder

unstable emotions, prolonged symptoms of depression, short periods of manic

break from reality, distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, disturbances in thought, motivation, or behavior

+ symptoms: thoughts and behaviors not seen in people without the disorder; hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior and movement

- symptoms: distruptions of normal emotions and behaviors

increased levels of dopamine

large ventricles

increased loss of gray matter

reduced frontal activity

interaction between socially sanctioned clinician and a person with a pyschological problem

the goal is to provide support or relief from the problem

Brings unconcious thoughts to conscious mind

resistance is a sign that whatever they don't want to talk about is bothering them

transference: when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies

Disordered behavior is learned and symptom relief is achieved by changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

Use classing conditioning and operant conditioning to reform behaviors

Confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly to decrease emotional response

type of behavior and cognitive therapy

elevate seratonin

lift people's moods

taken continuously

Highly addictive

taken as needed

reduce fear and anxiety

elevate GABA

Dr. Martin uses systematic desensitization to help people overcome phobias, cognitive restructuring to help alleviate the symptoms of depression, and free association to help people gain insight into their unconscious. Dr. Martin takes a(n) ___________ approach to psychotherapy.

a. nondirective

b. psychodynamic

c. eclectic

d. behavioral

An interaction between therapist and client, with the goal of support for the client or relief from the client's psychological problem, is called:

a. psychodynamic therapy

b. behavior therapy

c. psychotherapy

d. psychoanalytic therapy

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates …

a. aversive conditioning

b. cognitive restructuring

c. spontaneous recovery

d. exposure therapy

The healing power of insight and self-awareness is LEAST likely to be emphasized by …

a. behavior therapies

b. cognitive therapies

c. humanistic therapies

d. psychodynamic therapies

Cognitive therapy is most likely to ...

a. focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings about their therapists

b. employ personality tests to accurately diagnose clients' difficulties

c. systematically associate clients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant experiences

d. emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events

To reduce a patient's fear of certain medical procedures, a therapist repeatedly paired the sight of a hypodermic needle that triggered a learned fear response with the taste of chocolate that triggered an unlearned sense of pleasure. The therapist was most clearly using a technique involving …

a. unconditional positive regard

b. spontaneous recovery

c. classical conditioning

d. free association

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These places were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of …

a. the diathesis-stress model

b. the DSM-5

c. the medical model

d. labeling disorders

One criticism of the medical model of psychological disorders is ...

a. the symptoms change too often for accurate diagnosis

b. pschologists rely too much on the DSM-5 for diagnosis

c. it puts too much emphasis on physical symptoms

d. it uses people's subjective self-reports for diagnosis

Arlette used to only need one cocktail to feel its effects; now she needs three before she experiences any noticeable symptoms of being drunk. Arlette has developed …

a. withdrawal symptoms

b. tolerance

c. substance use disorder

d. an addiction

Lenore is inexplicably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from …

a. a phobia

b. generalized anxiety disorder

c. obesessive-compulsive disorder

d. panic disorder

Which statement about depression is FALSE?

a. the rate of depression in women is much higher than in men

b. drugs that increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels often reduce depressive symptoms

c. depressed individuals are likely to attribute negative experiences to causes that are external

d. a biochemical model of depression has yet to be developed that accounts for all the evidence

While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense dread. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could hardly catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from ...

a. obsessive-compulsive disorder

b. biopolar disorder

c. social phobia

d. a panic attack

Elmer, the owner of an auto service station, suddenly began smashing the front fenders and hoods of two customers' cars. When asked why, he excitedly explained that he was transforming the cars into “real racing machines.” When an employee tried to restrain him, he shouted that everybody was fired and quickly began breaking the car windows. Elmer is exhibiting symptoms of

a. mania

b. major depressive disorder

c. a panic attack

d. positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from ...

a. compulsions

b. flat affect

c. hallucinations

d. delusions

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

a. trait

b. social-cognitive

c. psychoanalytic

d. humanistic

Projective tests are a controversial practice in psychology because they are based on:

a. the interpretation of the examiner

b. the interpretation of the responder

c. implicit measures of personality

d. physiologial responses

A key feature of projective techniques to assess personality is the use of:

a. essay questions instead of true/false questions

b. validity scales to assess dishonesty

c. ambiguous objects designed to elicit unique responses

d. questions asking participants to imagine themselves in the future

According to the trait approach to personality, an individual's trait is:

a. only evident during specific stages of life

b. likely to change rapidly depending on the circumstances

c. relatively consistent across a variety of settings

d. unconsciously defined and based on socially unacceptable desires

Ronnie is a softhearted individual who easily trusts people and will go out of his way to help them. According to the Big Five factor model of personality, Ronnie would likely score high on:

a. extraversion

b. conscientiousness

c. openness to experience

d. agreeableness

Which statement about the Big Five factor model is FALSE?

a. the factors are associated with predictable patterns of behavior

b. people high in conscientiousness perform well in their jobs

c. people low in extraversion tend to be social and affectionate

d. people's personalities tend to remain stable throughout life

When introverts and extraverts are presented with an intense stimulus, _____ respond _____.

a. introverts and extraverts; randomly

b. introverts and extraverts; the same

c. extraverts; more strongly

d. introverts; more strongly

Ten-year-old Tisha, a fifth grader, cheated on a test. According to the social-cognitive approach, she is more likely than others to:

a. tell lies

b. engage in shoplifting when she enters adolescence

c. steal money from her mother's pocketbook

d. cheat on a subsequent test

Nadia strongly believes that acupuncture is a valuable treatment for a variety of illnesses. Her classmates are discussing the evidence of the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating certain conditions. Her classmates all agree that acupuncture has not been found to be more effective for treating many conditions than a placebo treatment. Nadia is convinced that her classmates have read the relevant studies; because of this, she soon agrees with her classmates. Which of the following most clearly influenced Nadia’s conformity to the group opinion?

a. accuracy motive

b. hedonic motive

c. approval motive

d. normative influence

Valeska judges her professor's strict class attendance policy as an indication of a controlling personality rather than a necessity because of the limited number of class sessions. Her judgment best illustrates ....

a. informational influence

b. group polarization

c. diffusion of responsibility

d. correspondence bias

Last weekend, Antoine’s friends decided to cover their 5^th-grade teacher’s house in toilet paper. Although Antoine didn’t like the idea at first, he happily joined in after they all decided to wear the same black hoodies and dark sunglasses. Which of the following best explains the change in Antoine’s motivation?

a. cognitive dissonance

b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

c. deindividuation

d. hedonic motive

Times are economically tough and Bob is forced to take a job as a used-car salesperson to make ends meet. Bob likes to think that he is an honest guy, but he finds himself selling defective automobiles to unsuspecting customers. Bob is likely to experience _____, which probably will be alleviated by _____.

a. cognitive dissonance; believing in the quality of the cars he sells

b. cognitive dissonance; accepting in the fact that he has always been a dishonest person

c. correspondence bias; believing that his customers are also dishonest

d. correspondance bias; being extremely honest to all of his customers

Bart's friends convinced him to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he did not resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates …

a. the bystander effect

b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

c. attribution

d. informational influence

Mr. Darzi heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the area would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the decision-making process involved in ...

a. the norm of reciprocity

b. the bystander effect

c. a self-fulfilling prophecy

d. stereotype threat

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates ...

a. the discrimination

b. implicit prejudice

c. group polarization

d. cognitive dissonance

When children are early in the sensorimotor stage, they have not yet developed ...

a. an understanding of conservation

b. a sense of object permanence

c. theory of mind

d. all of the above (none of these are yet developed)

Some infants become anxious when facing new situations, while others tend to stay calm. This best illustrates the importance of...

a. environment

b. egocentrism

c. object permanence

d. temperament

In one study described in the textbook, infants watch as a drawbridge raises up to hide a block from their view. When the drawbridge lowers through where the block had been (the "impossible event"), infants look longer than when the bridge stops where they expect the block to be.

This study suggests that infants as young as 4 months may have a sense of ...

a. egocentrism

b. theory of mind

c. conservation

d. object permanence

Although 3-year-old Marco happily explores the new toys in the doctor's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for comfort. He becomes upset when she leaves briefly, but he is quickly comforted by her presence when she returns. Marco is displaying signs of _______________ attachment.

a. secure

b. avoidant

c. ambivalent

d. disorganized

One way in which infants learn about the world is through social referencing ("I think what you think," as described in the textbook). Which of the following is an example of social referencing?

a. look longer at their caregiver when they make an unexpected noise

b. follow their caregiver's gaze to see what they're looking at

c. look to their caregiver for clues about what to do in ambiguous situations

d. mimic the intended actions of another person

Based on current knowledge about children, which of the following is true?

a. babies know more than Piaget believed they did (that is, they learn things earlier than he thought)

b. cognitive development in children is fluid and continuous, and not a progression through distinct stages

c. how and what children learn depends on their social and cultural environment

d. all of the above are true

The capacity for attachment may be innate, but the quality of attachment is influenced by ...

a. the child's temperament

b. the ability of primary caregivers to read their child's emotional state

c. the interaction between the child and the primary caregiver

d. all of the above

Through direct experience with animals, we come to expect that dogs will bark and birds will chirp. This best demonstrates...

a. modeling

b. spontaneous recovery

c. classical conditioning

d. operant conditioning

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This best illustrates...

a. an unconditioned response

b. latent learning

c. operant conditioning

d. generalization

Last week, Sam drank too much tequila and it made him vomit. Now just the smell of tequila makes his stomach a bit queasy. In this case, vomiting is an example of a(n) ...

a. U.S.

b. U.R.

c. C.S.

d. C.R.

A teenager swears at the dinner table, and as a result, her parents take away her iPad for one week. The teenager is now much less likely to swear around her parents. This illustrates ...

a. postive reinforcement

b. negative reinforcement

c. positive punishment

d. negative punishment

An empathetic husband who sees his wife’s facial expression of pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity as her brain is showing. According to some researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of…

a. cognitive maps

b. discrimination

c. mirror neurons

d. observational learning

Janaki does yoga because it reduces her anxiety. Janaki's yoga is being maintained by ...

a. positive reinforcement

b. negative reinforcement

c. positive punishment

d. negative punishment

Rats that explore a maze for 10 consecutive days with no reward show no evidence of learning the maze. When reinforcement is provided starting on the 11th day, these rats will ...

a. be unable to effectively master the maze due to learned helplessness

b. slowly start to learn the maze over the next week as long as reinforcement is provided each day

c. immediately demonstrate mastery of the maze

d. slowly start to learn the maze over the next week, even if reinforcement is discontinued

If children observe their older brothers fighting in the neighborhood, Bandura would suggest that the younger siblings would ...

a. likely behave aggressively too

b. learn that aggressive behavior is not always effective

c. imitate the victims of their brothers' aggressive behavior

d. decrease their aggressive behavior when their brothers were nearby

Dr. Milosz electrically stimulates a particular region of the hypothalamus in a well-fed laboratory rat. Of the following, which is the most likely outcome?

a. the rat will begin eating

b. the rat's metabolic rate will decrease

c. the rat's stomach will no longer produce ghrelin

d. none of the above; the rat's hypothalamus does not regulate hunger

On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we would be LEAST likely to predict that a ...

a. starving person might sell her child to obtain food

b. teacher with high self-esteem might seek a career change to use her abilities more fully

c. successful business might show greater concern for her family than for becoming president of her company

d. prisoner might choose to die rather than betray her country

Kay is struggling in her relationship with her new girlfriend, Eva. Although she loves spending time with Eva, doing so results in less time spent with her friends. Maslow would predict that:

a. Kay probably has a job and a place to live

b. Kay is self-actualized

c. Kay's struggles are probably the result of her failing to make enough money to occasionally take Eva out to dinner

d. Kay's relationship difficulties stem from her constant internal struggles over her esteem needs

Brittany is daydreaming in class when her instructor asks her a question. Brittany finds that, even though she was not paying attention, she can replay in her “mind's ear” the instructor's last words, taking advantage of a process called:

a. auditory memory

b. visual imagery encoding

c. iconic memory

d. echoic memory

Mr. Nydam suffers from amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between…

a. short-term and long-term memory

b. proactive and retroactive interference

c. recognition and recall

d. explicit and implicit memory

The persistence of intrusive memories, such as flashbulb memories, is often a result of:

a. highly emotional experiences, which lead to more vivid and long-lasting memories

b. nonemotional experiences, which lead to more generally based memories that are susceptible to suggestibility

c. overactivity in the occipital lobes

d. underactivity in the occipital lobes

Leila hears creaking sounds in her house late at night and is not worried; she believes the house is just settling. Her older brother suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of ...

a. stress management

b. repressive coping

c. the fight-or-flight response

d. stress appraisal

When the fight-or-flight response is initiated, which of the following is likely to decrease?

a. blood pressure

b. rate of respiration

c. immune function

d. heart rate

Which of these is part of the HPA axis, and what is it's particular role in the stress response?

a. pons: increase mental arousal

b. amygdala: detect threats in the environment

c. adrenal glands: release coritsol and catecholamines

d. pineal gland: regulate levels of melatonin

Expressive writing about a stressful experience has been shown to reduce people's stress levels. One explanation is that writing encourages people to consider their stressor from a new perspective, which helps to reduce its threat. In other words, this strategy may work by encouraging ....

a. repressive coping

b. rational coping

c. reframing

d. meditation

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling on a snake illustrates the importance of the ...

a. amygdala

b. pituitary gland

c. hypothalamus

d. hippocampus

Damage to the retina's area of central focus would probably have the LEAST effect on visual sensitivity to ________ stimuli.

a. brilliantly colored

b. finely detailed

c. unfamiliar

d. dimly illuminated

Photoreceptors are to vision as _____________ is/are to audition.

a. hair cells

b. taste buds

c. the thalamus

d. the basilar membrane

The sense of ____________ is a chemical sense.

a. vision

b. audition

c. proprioception

d. taste

EEG patterns of neural activity during sleep show that the largest amplitude and slowest frequency waves are most common during .....

a. REM sleep

b. a drowsy state

c. stages 1 and 2

d. stages 3 and 4

At 3 o'clock in the morning, Jun has already slept for 5 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increase in ...

a. sleep apnea

b. muscle tension

c. stage 4 sleep

d. REM sleep

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Nazarian suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Nazarian apparently suffers from

a. narcolepsy

b. insomnia

c. sleep apnea

d. REM rebound

Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams ...

a. strengthen our memories of the preceding day's events

b. reflect one's level of cognitive development

c. prepare us for the stress and challenges of the following day

d. are triggered by random bursts of neural activity

Wilhelm Wundt performed experiments to study

a. animal behaviors

b. unconscious conflicts

c. mental processes

d. brain structures

Which of the following describes one of the challenges to the scientific study of human behaviors?

a. behaviors, thoughts, and feelings all vary across individuals

b. human behaviors (and the processes that create them) are highly complex

c. when people know they are being studied, they don't always behave as they otherwise would

d. all of the above; these all make people difficult to study

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.

a. dendrites to the axon to the cell body

b. axon to the cell body to the dendrites

c. dendrites to the cell body to the axon

d. axon to the dendrites to the cell body

Even if excitatory signals are increased above the threshold needed for an action potential to occur, this will not change the intensity of the action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction ...

a. is slowed down by the synapse

b. is delayed by the CNS

c. depends on neurotransmitter molecules

d. is an all-or-none response

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to sweat. These physical reactions are directly triggered by the ...

a. somatic nervous system

b. sympathetic nervous system

c. parasympathetic nervous system

d. sensory cortex

The ability to simultaneously draw one shape with the right hand and a different shape with the left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut.

a. somatosensory cortex

b. motor cortex

c. medulla

d. corpus callosum