Term
Way in which psych and medical problems are related:
Organic malfunctioning or tissue damage may be... |
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Definition
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Term
Way in which psych and medical problems are related:
Problems with no apparent organic basis are... |
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Definition
| Physical problems of underlying sources of tension and personal problems (headaches, tension) |
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Term
Way in which psych and medical problems are related:
Psychological factors may work indirectly by... |
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Definition
| Weakening or strengthening out resistance to disease. |
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Term
Way in which psych and medical problems are related:
Psychological factors may help cause unhealthy behaviors which in turn... |
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Definition
| Cause illness (Smoking, drinking, overeating) |
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Term
| Judith Rodin's study with elderly people |
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Definition
| Giving the elderly a plant to take care of caused them to live longer because it gave them a sense of control. People will live longer if they have a greater number of choices over events in their lives. |
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Term
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Definition
Body's system of events influenced by age, nutrition, genetics, body temperature, and stress.
Can go in two directions:
1. Attack the body's own tissues (arthritis, allergic reactions, lupus, and multiple sclerosis)
2. Allow viruses to erupt or cancer cells to multiply
Women are more immunologically stronger than men |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Mild stress = Stimulating, motivating, and sometimes desirable
Severe Stress = Brings on physical, psychological, and behavioral problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Daily Hassles, Life Events, Frustration, and Catastrophes |
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Term
Source of Stress:
Daily Hassles |
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Definition
Parts of daily life that impose a stressful burden.
E.G. Parking, Dishes
Leads to exhaustion, irritability, or depression |
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Term
| Source of Stress: Life Events |
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Definition
Significant changes in one's life circumstances.
E.G. Getting married, Passing away of a relative, Moving |
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Term
| Source of Stress: Frustration |
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Definition
A negative emotional state experience when one's effprts to pursue one's goals are thwarted.
E.G. Not getting what you want |
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Term
| Source of Stress: Catastrophes |
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Definition
Unpredictable large-scale events considered as threatening.
E.G. Terrorist Attacks |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
3 stage pattern of response triggered by the effort to adapt to any stressor.
1. Alarm Stage
2. Resistance Stage
3. Exhaustion Stage |
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Term
|
Definition
"Dr. Stress"
Conducted experiments exposing rats/animals to stressors.
Found that the body's response to different stressors is similar. |
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Term
| Alarm Stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
Equivalent to the fight-or-flight response.
-activation of the sympathetic nervous system and outpouring of stress hormones
-heart races
-butterflies in stomach (digestion slows)
-blood is redirected to the muscles
-body burns more energy |
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Term
| Resistance Stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
Body maintains a moderate level of arousal.
-If new stressors are introduced, your ability to resist the demands of the stressors decreases.
-Vulnerable to bacterial infection in this stage. |
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Term
| Exhaustion stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
Demands for adjustment exceed the body's ability to respond.
-Resources are depleted.
-Stress Response suppresses the body's immune system: results in stress related disorders ("diseases of adaptation") (E.G. heart disease, allergic conditions, digestive disorders, and depression) |
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Term
| What makes an even stressful? |
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Definition
| Cognitive appraisal, which is a person's interpretation of the situation and its implications. |
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Term
| Lazarus and Folkman, 1984 |
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Definition
Found 2 aspects of the appraisal process: Primary and Secondary
Primary: Interpretation of the nature and demands of the situation
Secondary: Interpretation of the resources available to cope with a stressful situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpretation of the nature and demands of the situation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interpretation of the resources available to cope with a stressful situation |
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Term
Abnormal Behavior Criteria:
Distress of Disability |
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Definition
Suffering, Loss of freedom of action, Impairment of daily life goals.
E.G. Afraid to leave aprartment |
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Term
Abnormal Behavior Criteria:
Maladaptiveness |
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Definition
When a person's actions work against their wellbeing.
E.G. Waking up not at home after drinking the night before (alcoholism). |
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Term
Abnormal Behavior Criteria:
Irrationality |
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Definition
Acting or talking irrationally.
E.G. Hearing Voices |
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Term
Abnormal Behavior Criteria:
Unpredictability |
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Definition
When a person's behavior is not predictable from situation to situation.
E.G. Using the window as an entrance verses the door. |
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Term
Abnormal Behavior Criteria:
Unconventionality |
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Definition
When a person's appearance and actions are extremely unconventional.
E.G. Living with a pack of wolves |
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|
Term
Abnormal Behavior Criteria:
Observer Discomfort |
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Definition
When a person's behavior causes discomfort in others
E.G Homeless people |
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Term
Abnormal Behavior Criteria:
Violation of Social Norms |
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Definition
When a person violates what is expected of them or how they ought to behave according to their culture.
E.G. Living at home with parents and watching TV all the time at the age of 40 |
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Term
|
Definition
Standards for what is considered deviant behavior vary by culture, context, and time.
E.G. Topless beaches, Killing people in a school vs. At war
(drapetomania, homosexuality) |
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Term
|
Definition
During slavery, the belief that Blacks had a "mania to seek freedom".
They also believed Blacks had sensory diseases that made them insensitive to pain when being punished. |
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Term
| Soviet Union and deviant behavior |
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Definition
| People were put in a mental health institution if they did not obey government laws. |
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Term
| Homosexuality & Deviant Behavior |
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Definition
| From 1952 - 1973 it was considered a psychological disorder |
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Term
| Why do we need to classify Mental Disorders? |
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Definition
1. So we can prescribe appropriate treatment
2. Legal Reasons:
-is the person competent to stand trial?
-can they manage their states?
3. Research Purposes
-to study the different aspects of psychopathology
-to evaluate treatments
4. Economic Reasons
-to get insurance companies and health plans to make payments for treatment |
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Term
| Early beliefs about abnormal behavior |
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Definition
| In ancient times to the 17th Century, people displaying abnormal behavior were thought to be controlled by supernatural forces or posed by demonic spirits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A framework for understanding abnormal behavior patterns as symptoms of underlying physical disorders or diseases |
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Term
|
Definition
Started the shift from religious dogma to scientific explanations for abnormal behavior.
Found that sickness of the mind was caused my severe stereotypes. Also that syphilis infects the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
Unconscious conflicts and motives underlying abnormal behavior.
Explains how particular symptoms represent or symbolize unconscious conflicts. |
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Term
|
Definition
How learning experiences shape the development of abnormal behavior.
Explains how abnormal patterns of behavior are learned and what role the environment plays in abnormal behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
Social ills contributing to the development of abnormal behavior (E.G. poverty, racism, and prolonged unemployment)
Explains the relationships between abnormal behavior and ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic level. |
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Term
|
Definition
The interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Explains the Diathesis-Stress Model, which says that the stronger the diathesis, a lesser amount of stress is necessary to cause the psychological disorder. |
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Term
|
Definition
Diathesis: A predisposition of vulnerability for a psychological disease.
(E.G. Inherited predisposition to develop the disorder)
Stress: Caused by environmental stressors.
(E.G. prenatal trauma, childhood abuse, family conflict, life changes)
Certain people have a vulnerability or predisposition (diathesis) that increases their risks of developing a particular disorder
The stronger the diathesis, less stress is necessary to produce the psychological disorder. |
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Term
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) |
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Definition
Lists the distinctive features and symptoms of mental disorders.
17 Major Classifications, 374 Mental Disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| Characterized by excessive or inappropriate anxiety reactions. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
A type of anxiety disorder involving persistent and generalized anxiety and worry. Interrupts life for at least 6 months.
-Worry
-Restlessness
-Fatigue
-Difficulty Concentrating |
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Term
|
Definition
Type of anxiety disorder involving repeated episodes of sheer terror called panic attacks.
Symptoms: Heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness. |
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Term
|
Definition
An irrational or excessive fear of some object or situation.
Can be social or specific. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of anxiety disorder involving excessive fear of social situations. |
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Term
|
Definition
Phobic reactions involving specific situations or objects.
E.G. Acrophobia (heights), Claustrophobia (tight spaces), Agoraphobia (public places) |
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Term
|
Definition
A type of specific phobia in which a person is excessively afraid of of being in public places.
This phobia can result from a panic attack that happened in a public place. |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
A type of anxiety disorder involving the repeated occurrence of obsessions and/or compulsions.
Obsessions: nagging, intrusive thoughts you can't control
Compulsions: repetitive behaviors or rituals people feel compelled to perform again and again |
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Term
| Causes of Anxiety Disorders |
|
Definition
Biological and Psychological Factors.
Biological:
-disturbed neurotransmitter functioning
-biochemical changes in the brain
-heightened activity in parts of the brain
-genetic (runs in families)
Psychological:
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning (negative reinforcement)
-observational learning |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
A type of mood disorder characterized by periods of mood, feelings, or worthlessness, and loss of interest in pleasurable activities.
Called the "common cold" of psychopathology. |
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Term
|
Definition
Mood disorder characterized by mild but chronic depression.
Effects 6% of the U.S. population and is more common in women. |
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Term
|
Definition
Mood disorder characterized by alternating moods that shift between euphoric feelings and depression. Involves the experience of manic episodes and periods of depression.
-unusual euphoric feelings or extreme restlessness
-excited, talkative, and argumentative
-boundless energy and little need for sleep |
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Term
|
Definition
Mood disorder characterized by milder mood swings than bipolar disorder.
Effects .4 to 1% of the adult population. |
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Term
Reasons for Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors:
Psychodynamic Model |
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Definition
| Involves ander turned inwards against the self |
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Term
Reasons for Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors:
Behavioral Model |
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Definition
When a person loses positive reinforcements.
E.G. Loss of a souse, Loss of a friend from moving away |
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Term
Reasons for Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors:
Cognitive Model |
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Definition
Adoption of a negatively biased or distorted way of thinking.
-All or nothing thinking
-Misplaced blame |
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Term
Reasons for Mood Disorders: Psychological Factors:
Learned Helplessness Model |
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Definition
| Perception of lack of control over the reinforcements in one's life that may result from exposure to uncontrollable negative events. |
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Term
Causes of Mood Disorders:
Biological Factors |
|
Definition
1. Chemical Imbalances in the brain involving levels of activity of neurotransmitters
2. Antidepressants increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
3. Genetic / Role of heredity |
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Term
|
Definition
A severe and chronic psychological disorder characterized by disturbancesCa in thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior.
-Psychotic disorder
-Thought disorder - breakdown of logic
-Hallucinations
-Delusions |
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Term
| Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Involve behavioral excesses, such as hallucinations and delusions. |
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Term
| Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Behavioral deficits such as withdrawal and apathy. |
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Term
Cause of Schizophrenia:
Genetic Factors |
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Definition
Plays a very important role.
13% who have a parent with this disorder also have it
50% who have an identical twin with this disorder also have it |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia:
Biochemical Imbalance |
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Definition
| Nerve pathways that utilize dopamine might be compromised over reactivity of or overabundance of dopamine receptors. |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia:
Brain Abnormalities |
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Definition
| People with this disorder have Large Ventricles in the brain! |
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Term
Causes of Schizophrenia:
Psychosocial Influences |
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Definition
Life Stress can cause this disorder.
(Diathesis - Stress Model) |
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Term
| Goals of the Therapeutic Process |
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Definition
-Reaching a diagnosis about what is wrong
-Finding the cause of the problem/Proposing a probable etiology
-Making a prognosis, or estimate, of the problem
-Prescribing and carrying out some form of treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cause of a psychological problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
Have a phD.
Specialize in Mental Illness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A medical doctor who can prescribe drugs for psychological illnesses. |
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Term
|
Definition
Complete extended training in psychoanalysis.
Can also be a psychologist or a psychiatrist. |
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Term
|
Definition
Often deal with routine advising.
Have a master's degree in Psychology or Counseling. |
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Term
|
Definition
Specialize in psychological problems.
Have Master's degree (MSW). |
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Term
|
Definition
A prescribed medication or medical procedure-acts directly on patient's nervous system.
Used to treat biologically rooted disorders (E.G. Schizophrenia) |
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Term
|
Definition
Reduce symptoms of many psychological disorders, but do not produce a cure.
-not all patients respond the same way or well to this
-individuals tend to overmedicate themselves
-have many side effects
-do not teach how to resolve problems or develop skills |
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Term
Antipsychotic Drug:
Chlorpromazine |
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Definition
| Reduces schizophrenic symtoms. (delusion, hallucinations, social withdrawal and agitation) |
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Term
Antipsychotic Drug:
Clozapine (Clozaril) |
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Definition
Newer generation drug to control symptoms of schizophrenia.
-fewer side effects than chlorpromazine
-may not prevent tardive dyskinesia (tremors) |
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Term
Mood-Stabilizing Drug:
Lithium |
|
Definition
Regulates mood swings of manic depressive diorder.
-Is toxic and needs monitoring |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary Movements or Tremors |
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Term
|
Definition
Helps quell anxiety, induces calmness, and reduces muscle tension.
Valium & Librium.
-dangerous if mixed with alcohol or other drugs |
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Term
| Valium and Librium (Diazepan and Chlordiazepoxide) |
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Definition
Antianxiety drugs that make GABA receptors more sensitive, enhancing the calming (inhibitory) effects.
-Dangerous is mixed with alcohol or other drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
Used to treat depression.
Tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, and SSRIs. |
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Term
|
Definition
Antidepressant drug that increases the availability of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin) in the brain by interfering with their reuptake.
Side effects include: dry mouth, difficulty urinating, heart irregularities, and drowsiness. |
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Term
|
Definition
Increase the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
-less effective
-help if you are not responding to other antidepressant drugs |
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Term
| SSRIs (Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors) |
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Definition
Antidepressant drug that raise serotonin levels in the brain (interfere with reuptake).
Newer generation drug. More specific. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
|
Definition
Effective treatment for severe depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs, or if the patient cannot tolerate antidepressant drugs.
-can only help a limited number of people
-may cause temporary memory loss
-82% say it is less upsetting than going to the dentist |
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Term
| Psychological Therapy (Psychotherapy) |
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Definition
Psychologically based form of treatment used to help people better understand their emotional or behavioral problems and resolve them.
-psychological disorders that are learned are likely to be treated with psychotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
Applies principals of learning to help individuals make adaptive changes in their behavior.
Focuses on changing problem behaviors rather than exploring the client's feelings. (Relatively brief) |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
|
Definition
Method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear.
-type of behavioral therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
Exposes the erosion to an object of a phobia suddenly rather than gradually.
-type of behavioral therapy
-classical conditioning technique |
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Term
|
Definition
Used to create an unpleasant response to stimuli associated with undesirable behaviors.
-classical conditioning technique
E.G. make stimuli (cigarette nicotine) elicit negative response (nausea)
(After repeated pairing of a nausea inducing drug and sniffing an alcoholic beverage, exposure to the alcoholic beverage alone elicits nausea, which discourages drinking) |
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Term
|
Definition
Used in mental hospitals-residents receive tokens, or plastic chips, as positive reinforcers for performing certain desirable behaviors.
-operant conditioning technique |
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Term
|
Definition
Therapists help clients recognize and correct distorted patterns of thinking believed to underlie their emotional problems.
-patients are given homework assignments
-relatively brief, could last a month or less |
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Term
|
Definition
This person used Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy.
Believed that irrational beliefs lead to emotional distress and self-defeating behaviors. |
|
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Term
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
| Encourages patients to replace irrational beliefs ("shoulds" and "musts") with rational alternatives. |
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Term
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
| Encourages patients to replace irrational beliefs ("shoulds" and "musts") with rational alternatives. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thoughts that lead to emotional distress and cause people to engage in self-defeating behaviors (avoidance of challenging social or occupational opportunities). |
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Term
| A-B-C's of Emotional Distress |
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Definition
Negative emotional reactions (e.g. anxiety and depression) are not produced directly by life experiences. They stem from the irrational beliefs that we hold about life experiences.
>Negative activating event (the breakup of a close relationship)
> Irrational belief (life is over)
> Emotional Consequences (feelings of sadness and despair)
> More irrational beliefs |
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Term
|
Definition
| The attempt to understand and explain how thoughts and behaviors of individuals are influenced by actual, implied, and imagined presence of others. |
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Term
Social Psychology Equation:
B = f (P+E) |
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Definition
Behavior equals a function of personality plus environment.
Both personal and situational factors contribute to behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
People create much of what they perceive and remember.
Each person's view of reality is built and shaped by cognitive and social processes. |
|
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Term
| Cognitive Processes vs. Social Processes |
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Definition
?
Social processes: enable us to influence and be influenced by the views of others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which people come to understand and categorize the behaviors of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's view on the world bases on information taken in. People construct their experiences based on recent experiences, past learning, and current motives. |
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Term
|
Definition
3 seconds left - AFC divisional championship game
-the buffalo bills are leading 12-15
-titans returned the kickoff 5 yeards |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Influence of Other's Reactions:
version of tape of 1984 presidential debate & ratings of reagan - unedited, jokes and reactions edited out, and jokes left in and reaction left out |
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Term
|
Definition
| The primary determinant of behavior is the nature of the social situation in which that behavior occurs. |
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Term
|
Definition
Heiress to the Hearst fortune who was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) in 1974.
Went from a wealthy socialite to a bank robber/terrorist.
(power of the situation) |
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Term
|
Definition
A boy who was kidnapped at age 11 by Michael Devlin. Could have left, but stayed with his captor until age 15.
(power of the situation, stockholm syndrome) |
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Term
|
Definition
Describes the behavior of kidnapped victims who, over time, become sympathetic to their captors.
-captors begin to identify with their captors out of fear of violence
-small acts of kindness by the captor are magnified |
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Term
|
Definition
A general approach to describing the ways the social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations.
Explains what caused an event to happen. WHY. |
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Term
|
Definition
Believed that people take into account behavior and situation. Said that people are naive scientists.
(attribution theory - people think up reasons for what caused an event) |
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Term
|
Definition
Believed that people take into account behavior and situation. Said that people are naive scientists.
(attribution theory - people think up reasons for what caused an event) |
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Term
| Dispositional Attributions |
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Definition
| The cause of the behavior is found in the person (internal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cause of a behavior is found in the situation (external). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The cause of a behavior is found in the situation (external). |
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|
Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
Definition
| Represents the dual tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors (blame or credit people) and to underestimate situational factors (blame or credit the environment) when searching for the cause of some behavior or outcome. |
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Term
|
Definition
The tendency for people to make more dispositional attributions for other people's behavior than they make for their own behavior.
"it depends"? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to attribute one's success to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
Predictions made about some future behavior or event that modifies behavioral interaction so as to produce what is expected.
E.G. Based on whether you expect a party to be lame or not will influence your outcome of your behavior at the party. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Self-Fulfilling prophecy study in which Kids who were expected to get smarter actually did get smarter by the end of the schoolyear. |
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Term
| What determines when attitudes are more likely to predict behavior? |
|
Definition
Accessibility and Specificity
Accessibility :
-based on direct experience
-rehearsed more often
Specificity:
-attitudes and behaviors measured at the same level of specificity
(e.g. attitude towards birth control correlated with behavior of using birth control, increases with specificity) |
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Term
|
Definition
When attitudes are based on direct experience.
-rehearsed more often |
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Term
|
Definition
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his action her actions, attitudes, or beliefs.
E.G.
I suffered to join the frat DOES NOT equal i don't like the frat. Problem: dissonance.
I suffered to join the frat DOES equal i like the problem. Solution: change a cognition |
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Term
|
Definition
You infer what your internal states (beliefs, attitudes, motives, and feelings) are or should be by perceiving how you are acting now and recalling how you have acted in the past in a given situation.
E.G. Do you like psychology? You will explain whether you do or not by looking back at your past actions and behaviors while in this class. |
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Term
|
Definition
Walking home from her shift at a bar at 3AM and was assaulted by a man for 30 minutes. No one called the police and no one came to help.
Newspapers said society had crumbled that there was a decline of morals and values in society. Reality = Bystander effect. |
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Term
| John Darley and Bib Latane (1968) |
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Definition
| Wondered if other social psychological processes might have been at work about the Kitty Genovese story. Came up with the bystander effect. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for a group of bystander to be less likely than an individual to provide assistance to a person in trouble. |
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|
Term
| Why does does the Bystander Effect Exist? |
|
Definition
| Social Influence, Audience Inhibition, and Diffusion of Responsibility |
|
|
Term
Social Influence
(Bystander Effect) |
|
Definition
| We use other people as cues to interpret novel or confusing situations. |
|
|
Term
Audience Inhibition
(Bystander Effect) |
|
Definition
Evaluation Apprehension.
Tendency to think "What if the apparent situation is not such? I do not want to look stupid." |
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|
Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
|
Definition
Each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases.
Tendency to think "There are other people around, they will help". |
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|
Term
| 5 Steps to Helping Behavior |
|
Definition
1. Notice something is happening
2. Interpret the event as an emergency
3. Take responsibility for providing help
4. Decide how to help
5. Provide help |
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|
Term
| Adu Graib and the Stanford Prison |
|
Definition
Primary determinant of behavior is the nature of the social situation in which the behavior takes place.
Social situations are characterized by the operation of social roles.
(social roles, rules, social norms) |
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Term
|
Definition
A socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person when functioning in a given setting or group.
E.G. Juno played roles of a daughter, friend, girlfriend, student... all who were expected to behave in a certain way. |
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Term
|
Definition
Behavioral guidelines for specific settings.
Some are written, some are not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific expectations for socially appropriate attitudes and behaviors that are embodied in the stated or implicit rules of a group. |
|
|
Term
| Continuum of Social Influence |
|
Definition
| Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to change our perception, opinions, or behaviors in ways that are consistent with group norms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yielding to a direct request from a person of equal or lower status. |
|
|
Term
| Conformity vs. Compliance |
|
Definition
| Think that something is what you should do without being asked vs. doing it because it was asked of you. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Yielding to a direct request from a person in a position of authority or high social status. |
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Term
|
Definition
Asking people to shock people at gradual escalation to help improve their memory.
Factors influencing results:
-Authority (at a legit setting, Yale)
-Victim proximity (could not see victim, in another room)
-Lack of responsibility for what happens in the procedure |
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