Term
|
Definition
- generalized
- panic disorder
- phobias
- OCD
- PTSD |
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Term
|
Definition
- persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions
- deviant
- distressful
- dysfunctional |
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Term
|
Definition
| in one culture, behavior like going naked may be considered normal, but get you arrested in another country |
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Term
| *Ancient Treatment of PDs |
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Definition
- trepidation
- exorcism
- being caged |
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Term
| *Who insisted that madness was due to an ailment of the mind, not possession? |
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Definition
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Term
| *The Medical Model of Treating PDs |
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Definition
- etiology: cause and development of disorder
- diagnosis: identify symptoms and disease
- treatment
- prognosis: forecast a/t disorder |
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Term
| *Biopsych Approach to PDs |
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Definition
| - assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce PDs |
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Term
|
Definition
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
- 400 PDs |
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Term
| *Multiaxial Classification of PDs |
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Definition
- Axis 1: Clinical syndrome present?
- Axis 2: Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
- Axis 3: General Medical Condition present?
- Axis 4: Psychosocial or Environmental Problems present?
- Axis 5: What is the Global Assessment of the person's functioning? 0-100 |
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Term
|
Definition
- constant worrying, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, fidgeting
- can't identify cause of anxiety
- accompanied by depression, physical problems
- 2/3 are women |
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Term
|
Definition
- heart palpitations
- shortness of breath
- dizziness |
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Term
|
Definition
- irrational constant fears
- specific: of objects
- social: speaking in public, eating in open settings, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
- compulsions do not have to have a logical antidote for obsessions
- 2-3% of teens/early 20s affected |
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Term
|
Definition
- haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal
- survivors of war, accidents, assault, etc. |
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Term
| *When does the likelihood of developing PTSD increase? |
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Definition
- greater emotional distress during trauma
- recurrence of trauma
- sensitive limbic system (stress hormones)
- genetic predisposition |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
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Term
|
Definition
| classically conditioned to fear a once neutral stimulus associated with an event (place of attack) |
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Term
| *Observational Learning of Fear |
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Definition
| noticing other people's fears and "learning" anxiety |
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Term
| *Natural Selection and Fear |
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Definition
| fear of things that threaten human existence |
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Term
|
Definition
- anxiety gene: activates serotonin and/or glutamate
- twins can similar phobias, even when reared seperately |
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Term
| *What part of the brain is most involved in the development of OCD? |
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Definition
- anterior cingulate cortex
- amygdala |
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Term
| *Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders |
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Definition
- having a sense of being unreal
- being separated from body
- watch yourself as if in a movie |
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Term
| *Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities |
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Term
|
Definition
- not found outside the US
- role playing?
- learned response that reinforces reduction of anxiety? |
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Term
| *Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
- symptoms lasting more that 2 weeks:
- chronic shortness of breath
- lethargy and fatigue
- feelings of worthlessness
- loss of interest
- isolation |
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Term
| *Bipolar (Manic-Depressive) Disorder |
|
Definition
- Depressive symptoms
- gloomy
- withdrawn
- inability to make decisions
- tired
- slow thought
- Manic symptoms
- elation
- euphoria
- desire for action
- hyperactive
- multiple ideas |
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Term
| What causes mood disorders and what might explain the Western world's incidence of depression among youth and young adults? |
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Definition
- many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression
- depression is widespread
- women are nearly twice as prone to depression as men, internalized states
- most major depressive episodes self-terminate
- stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression
- with each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people |
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Term
|
Definition
- disorganized and delusional thinking
- disturbed perceptions
- inappropriate emotions and action |
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Term
| *Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, delusional talking, etc.) |
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Term
| *Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| absence of appropriate behavior (expressionless faces, rigid bodies) |
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Term
| *Recovery from Schizophrenia is doubtful when development is slow or ______, but recovery can occur if it develops rapidly or ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| *Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients |
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Definition
- dopamine over-activity
- abnormal behavior in frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala
- morphology: enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles
- viral infection: schizophrenia observed in those who had the flu during the middle of fetal development |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
- person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members
- aggressive, ruthless
- mostly exhibited in men |
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Term
| **Who founded humane ways to care for the mentally ill? |
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Definition
| Philippe Pinel, Dorethea Dix |
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Term
|
Definition
| an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses drugs or other procedures that act on a patients nervous system, treating their psychological disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses various forms of healing techniques depending on the client's unique problems |
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Term
|
Definition
- Freud
- aimed to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where a patient could deal with it
- id-ego-superego conflicts |
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Term
|
Definition
- free association: used to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts
- resistance: patient edits thoughts, resisting feelings to express emotion during free association
- transference: eventually the patient opens up and reveals their innermost feelings, developing positive or negative emotions towards therapist |
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Term
|
Definition
- face to face
- understand symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient's life
- focuses on past
- inferiority complex is a theme |
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Term
| **Interpersonal Psychotherapy |
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Definition
- variation of psychodynamic therapy
- focuses on symptom relief, not personality change |
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Term
|
Definition
| aim to boost fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness |
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Term
| **Client-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
- Rogers
- active listening
- therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and nonjudgmental way
- build's client self-esteem |
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Term
|
Definition
- used to treat phobias
- focuses on a goal, not the past |
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Term
|
Definition
- conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
- exposure therapy: expose patients to things they fear until anxiety lessens
- aversive conditioning: associates an unpleasant state w/ an unwanted behavior (not very effective) |
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Term
| **Behavior Modification and Token Economy |
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Definition
- desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are ignored or punished
- patients exchange a token of some sort for various treats |
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Term
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Definition
| teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene b/w events and our emotional reactions |
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Term
| **Who suggested that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy and thus associate minor failings in life as major causes for their depression? |
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Definition
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Term
| **Stress Inoculation Training |
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Definition
- Merchenbaum
- trained people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations |
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Term
| **Cognitive Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
| combines the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
- 6-9 people
- 90 min sessions
- helps more people and costs less
- clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems |
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Term
|
Definition
- treats family as a system
- focuses on positive relationships and improved comm |
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Term
| **Client's Perception of Therapies |
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Definition
- often overestimate effectiveness
- enter therapy in crisis, crisis can subside naturally
- clients may need to believe therapy was worth the effort
- clients speak kindly of their therapists |
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Term
| **Clinician's Perception of Therapies |
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Definition
- believe in therapy's success
- clients are better off in therapy
- aware of failures, blame them on other therapists
- blame client's psychological problems if they switch therapists
- likely to testify to the efficacy of therapy despite the outcome |
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Term
|
Definition
- suggests that thousands of patients benefit more from therapy than those who did not go
- treated patients were 80% better than untreated patients |
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Term
|
Definition
| studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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Term
|
Definition
- involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected
- Was 9/11 the work of crazed evil people or ordinary people corrupted by life events? |
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Term
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Definition
| Fritz Heider suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition. |
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Term
| ***Disposition vs. Situational Attribution Example |
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Definition
| A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution). |
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Term
| ***Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
- the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others
- we see Joe as quiet, shy, and introverted most of the time, but with friends he is very talkative, loud, and extroverted |
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Term
| ***Our Attitudes and Actions of Social Psych |
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Definition
- a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events
- if we believe a person is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act in an unfriendly manner |
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Term
| ***Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon |
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Definition
| the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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Term
|
Definition
| when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension |
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Term
| ***Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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Term
| ***Informational Social Influence |
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Definition
| results from one's willingness to accept others' opinions abut reality |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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Term
| ***Who designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience? |
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Definition
| Stanley Milgram, shock experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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Term
|
Definition
- enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion
- If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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Term
| ***Social Inequality and Prejudice |
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Definition
| prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige, and others do not |
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Term
| ***Ingroup & Ingroup Bias |
|
Definition
- people with whom one shares a common identity
- the tendency to favor one’s own group |
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Term
|
Definition
| those perceived as different from one’s group |
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Term
| ***The Just-World Phenomenon |
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Definition
| the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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Term
| ***Proximity & the Psych of Attraction |
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Definition
- Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
- mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction |
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Term
| ***Physical Attractiveness & the Psych of Attraction |
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Definition
| once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance |
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Term
| ***Similarity & the Psych of Attraction |
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Definition
| similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen |
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Term
|
Definition
| an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
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Term
| ***Two-Factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
- physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal
- arousal from any source can enhance one emotion depending upon what we interpret or label the arousal |
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Term
|
Definition
| a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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Term
|
Definition
| an unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give |
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Term
|
Definition
| revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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Term
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Definition
| perceived as an incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
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Term
| ***Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT) |
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Definition
- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
- one side recognizes mutual interests and initiates a small conciliatory act that opens the door for reciprocation by the other party |
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Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
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Term
| Social-Responsibility Norm |
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Definition
| an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive |
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