Mastery Orientation

What do these orientations predict?

desire to learn new knowledge and skills

Enjoyment of course, pick course cuz you like it

Ego Approach/Competitive Orientation

What do these orienations predict

focuses on being judged compatively to other people

predict good grades but do not enjoy

Ego Avoidance

What do these orientations predict?

avoid negative judgement by oneself or tohers want to succeed but avoid neg. judgement

exams are anxiety provoking, slightly poorer grades, low interest

1. Ego involving climate

2. Mastery Involving Climate

1. Mastery Orientation

2. Ego Approach

3. Ego avoidance

Ego involving climate

Effects?

performers compared with others

urged to compete

best performers get most attention

ex. sport

anxiety, push yourself, believe ability leads to success, satisfaction by outperforming others

Mastery Involving Climate

Effects?

effort, enjoyment of activity and personal improvement are rewarded

ex: club

higher intrinstic motivation and enjoyment of setting

enhance learning and mastery

performance anxiety is low

better skill development

Doing something for yourself

for your own sake

doing things so you get paid

doing things for external award

ex: money praise status

Which orientations are best?

combination of two... no ego avoidance- bad to do thing cuz avoid failure

intrinsic= mastery

Extrinsisc= ego approach

if give reward for every behavior then person will only do for reward and will not enjoy behavior

type of task

type of reward-praise, love

(promote increase in intrinsic)

expectation- if get reward and don't expect

(intrinsic increases)- if expect (decrease intrinsic)

contingency- reward on performance consistently ppl work harder

all factors that arouse, direct, and maintain behavior towards a goal

motivational behaviors are not goals 

Reflexes

Contrast eyeblink with winking

Eyeblink

innate=not spontaneous do cuz when something @ face

stereotype- same eyeblink for everyone

is stimilus bound

Wink

spontaneous and different types for everyone

behavior, chracteristics of a species that is possed by all members of the species

Innate (born with them )

ex: spider webs ( tell insects apart based on behavior cuz look so much alike)

How to test for instinct?

Herring gull Observation/Experiment

on mom gull= red spot where kids peck at dot on beak to make gull regurgitate food

chick responds to various beak shapes

width matters- if long and skinny peck more

chick pecks at contrast b/tw white red white- superstimulus

red spot is releasing stimulus

if animals have instincts then so do humans

primary human instincts have emotions associated w/them (do these emotions cuz you have instincts)

instinct= flight emotion= fear

instinct= repulsion emotion= disgust

instinct= curiousity emotion= wonder

if human instincts then humans have releasing stimuli- pamela anderson is more stimulated cuz guys like big boobs

Freud Theory on Instincs

2 basic instincts

life (eros) - nurturing

death (thanatos)- aggression

we do things w/out knowing why

Bad impulse-> repression -> sublimination

M and F rat running on wheel= same duty, same environment

Instinct for running? 

Instinct for activity level?

No instinct for running but maybe instinct for activity level

F rat- has dif revolution pattern cuz of estel cycles so every 4 days they run

M- male more drive cuz no cycle

bodily deficit-> drive-> activity-> goal!

callories-> associated state "hunger" -> search-> food!

water-> thirst-> water!

sex-> Mojo-> mate

drive engages bodies controlling elements like endocrine, and autonomic nervous system

like thermometer neg feedback to get homeostasis

Thanksgiving we are more motivated to eat more cuz of variety

learned properties of the goal (push us towards the goal)

no incentive until experience

natural tendencies to perform certain behaviors

: increasing tendency to perform a behaviorn as a function of teh time since it was last performed

ex: eat cuz it has been long time since last ate

constant energy input

when bucket fills it open valve- innate releasing mechanism

if small incentive to eat then need a big urge

if large incentive then only need a small urge

cat hunts cuz urge to hunt even if not hungry

1. Distant

2. Chronic

3. Acute

usually do not have an end in sight

( long term unemployment, long lasting health problem)

The pattern of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to demands that exceed a person's resources

under stress sympathetic nervous system produces a lot of effect (fight/flight)

increase heartrate

increase secretion by adrenals (stress hormones)

increase respiration

decrease digestion cuz blood leaves to muscles

stress in immune system

1. acute

2. chronic

3. distant

1. acute- dependent on length and severity of stressor

2. chronic- clear, negative impact on immunity (kids in stressful environment have more diseases later)

3. Distant- no current impact on immunity in life

good and bad things cause stress

relationship b/tw events and cureent stage of health

score over 300= high health risk

ex: wasting time, inconsiderate ppl, losing stuff

hassles are better predictor of psychologica and physical health than major life events.  Daily hassles are better predicter of current state then what is going on

small pos daily events that uplift immune system

 ex: hang w/ friends, good grade

uplifts do  not have much of buffer effect

Binet- a measure of intelligence test performance

the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

ex: child who does as well as the avg 8 yr old is said to have mental age of 8

defined originally as the ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

IQ= ma/ca *100

avg performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

1. content

2. predictive

dissociative identity disorder

1. instinct/evolutionary theory- innate behaviors

2. drive-reduction theory- inner pushes external pulls

3. arousal theory- right level of stimulation

4. heirarchy of needs- priority over others

physiological needs created aroused state that drives individual to reduce need

maintain homeostasis

need for water pushes us-> drive (feel hunger or thirst) incentives pull us to-> drive reducing behavior (eat)

bored so increase stimulation then too much = stress so decrease stimulation

cat hunts cuz hunter, kid curious cuz kid, risky ppl > we want arrousal we want stimulus

bottom fulfilled then move up

when don't have bottom you forget top

ex: hunger ppl kill for become obsessed with food and do not care about anything else

Hormones (diminish rewarding pleasure of food)

 glucose= increase in insulin so diminish blood glucose cuz converted to fat so blood is hungry and u eat more

hypothalumus- 2 centers influence eating

1. lateral hypothalumus

2. ventromedial hypothalumus

not use to food then don't like it

ex: baby nausea so mom pregnant = morning sickness

when baby adapts to food mom is okay

genetics= identical twins more likely

family= mom does then u will

culture= models, india being plump is better

gender= guys want girls to be hot

girls want themselves to be hot

we posses archtypes

a) masculine vs. feminine

b) extrovert vs. introvert

c) persona vs. self

strive for superiority (self perfection)

when kid we tink we are insuperior to parents

"radical behaviorism" stresses event in the environment

personality is unique pattens we have

ex: timide= punished for risky behavior

adventuresome= awarded for being in risky behavior

observational learning

thoughts and expectations shaped

ways of dealing with others

a) toward others (copliant) aim to please/get along

b) against others (domination)

c) away from others (aloof)

Cardinal Trait dominant theme (affects all aspects of life)

central trait- not as all consuming (affect some aspects of life)

secondary traits- very narrow aspects of behavior (attitude) abortion is wrong

"situationalism" vs central tendencies - honest ppl will not cheat in a classroom

-ppl did nto cheat in small classrooms but did in lg classroom

- ppl are not consistent- when know someone u know them only as you know them- 1 role and they are consisten in their one part of life but not in other parts

ex: serial killer 1% of time 99% good neightbor and coworkers 

differ from Freud

1) increase importance of ego, decrease importance of ID

2) emphasize social interactions

3) development thru life

1) Spearman

2) Thurstone

3) Guilford

g factor- general intelligence

s factor- specific ablities

triarchic theory of intelligence

a) analytic- concentrate too much on something- school stuff (albert einstein)

b) creative- ability to combine intelligence in new ways (pablo piccasso/ miles davis)

c) practical- adapt to new enviro and thrive in it (green barrett)

relativity stable and distinctive style of thought behavior and emotional response characterizing adaptiation to circumstances

Libido- energy of sex drive

a. oral

b. anal (child has control if stay here to long then anal retentive so control freaks/ distructive

c. pallic

d. lattency

e. genital puberty

constitutional theory somatotypes

ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorphs

muscular + confident

good at sports so gave you confidence

genetic inheritance passes on predispositions

adopted kids= temperment more like biological than adoptive parent

1.unconscious motivations

2. conflict resolution

ID vs superego-> anxiety-> defense mechanisms

test ability to read to comprehend vocab

test ability to add, subtract, multiply, divide

 ( if good at one then good at others so maybe all are language ability)

but....

math and language do not correlate so maybe 2 abilities

(math and language)

lifespan study of genes

bell shaped curve- psychological traits follow

correlation- 2 traits relate

twin studies/adaption studies

used anthropometric measurement to study intelligence- moves from physical of brain

ppl with better nervous systems = smarter

cognitive components- vocab (brighter= bigger vocab)

comprehension

imagination (put press in order to tell story)

what's wrong with pic test

mental age (age at which a person reasons) vs. chronological age (how old are you)

if 10 yr old reasons as well as 8 yr old has deficiency of 2 yrs so maybe slower classes

but...

no way to quantify severity

use the quotient

m.a/ c.a *100 = IQ intelligence quotient

close to 100 is normal

67 is problematic

standard scores - mental age does not increase after awhile as get older mental age decreases

so compare ppl w/in age group= standarized scores, dif age groups get dif tests

challenged- IQ of 70 or less

b4 imbecile idiot changed cuz mean

gifted- IQ of 130 or more

books about race and genetics and intelligence

he says intelligence is genetics and little you can do to increase intelligence

white and black american had 15 pts difference in avg IQ score

this is biased cuz must factor in environment

ex: plant growth dependent on soil

some think intelligence is innate so brain looks dif but gould says

mismeasure of man a lot of bias ppl found answers they wanted to find

bigger brain= smarter, so get relative brain sizes of races and measure

skulls from museum fill with rice and very biased czu he had his opinion b4 and person proved him wrong

rosenthal and jacobsen

effects of teacher expectancies

1. smart kids - teacher paid attention to them more and asked them questions more

2. dumb kids

1. physiological changes

2. behavioral displays

3. subjective feelings

texas sniper ( killed 11 ppl had tumor in amydala so he had fits of rage ppl said it was reason he was crazy)

stimulate= angry animal

remove= passive animal

railroad rod thru head bu tlivedd xcept he was changed man = dif personality

b4 accident= serious, energetic

after: childish,irresponsible

dealt with patients with anxiety

thought of brain surgery to help them- prefrontal lobotomy

normal emotion gone sad moment= not sad chimps

if do they wrong then chimp is angry but with prefrontal lobotomy is removed then chimp is no longer upset

freeman technique

happens in hour

no anesthesia

babies show expressions with ppl watching movie then laugh more

man of south fore- can't smile cuz concious willing can't do

some ppl cant make gestures/ facial expressions so they force the expression and try really hard to make it

the expressions of the emotions in mom and animals

all kinds of animals snarl even us

principles of antithesis- oppsoging messages signaled by opposite movements and postures

opp intentions opp postures

cat affectionate when body up and tail up and dog angy if tail up and body up --- do they not get along cuz miscommunication

theories of how subjective emotion arise

james lange theory

See bear and are afreaid cuz you run

sad cuz you cry

1. timing- there's a bear you are afraid too quick to wait for changes in body to happen

2. no cahnge behavior means no emotion

3. physiological responess all the same?/

brain can't tell apart

not rue cannon wrong

position of facial muscles determines emotions

ex: put smile on face all day and mood was happy

ppl frown feel bad

Environmental-> thalamus

he introduces anatomy

spinal cord injury? ppl feel emotions maybe not same or as intense as everyone else

factor 1= general arousal + factor 2= cognitive interpretation-> specific emotion

he says you have to be aware to know you are shocked

you must realize something is happening must have cognitive to have subjective emotion

@ some pt you realize this shouldn't be happening

ex: car and gonna die