Term
| What requirements must be met in order for a behavior to be categorized as “abnormal”? |
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Definition
| Deviates from cultural/societal norms and expectancy. It is maladaptive, creates personal stress, and interferes with daily life |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder. It is a standard, reliable validated source for diagnosing. |
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Term
| What are the different axes of the DSM? |
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Definition
| Clinical, long term, medical conditions, psychosocial problems, overall assessments |
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Term
| What is the diathesis-stress model? |
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Definition
| It is widely accepted and measures the vulnerability factors that are genetic, biological, characteristics, psychological, and maladaptive. It also measures stressors where there is economic adversity, environment adversity, traumatic environment, interpersonal stresses, occupation stresses. The all have level of two but the combination can cause mental disorders. |
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Term
| What is Dissociative Identity Disorder? |
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Definition
| Multiple personality disorder involves the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual. It involves disruptions of identity, memory, and conscious awareness. It usually happens after a traumatic experience. Usual patients are women. |
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Term
| What is the difference between externalizing and internalizing disorders? What sexes are more likely to be affected by each? |
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Definition
| outward behavior rather than (or in addition to) their internal thoughts and feelings. These disorders include problems of control, such as conduct disorder, and problems of inattention and impulsivity, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Internalizing disorders include depression and various types of anxiety, such as separation anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Some disorders, such as autism, are not categorized as either internalizing or externalizing disorders. Outward is usually characterized by males. Internal is usually women. |
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Term
| What is Generalized Anxiety (GAD)? |
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Definition
| Is an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it. People with generalized anxiety disorder can't seem to shake their concerns. Their worries are accompanied by physical symptoms, especially fatigue, headaches, muscle tension, muscle aches, difficulty swallowing, trembling, twitching, irritability, sweating, and hot flashes |
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Term
| What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)? What are obsessions? What are compulsions? |
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Definition
| Obsessions are persistent, uncontrollable thoughts about doubts, impulses, fears and images. Compulsions including needing to perform one or more actions repeatedly that are related to the obsession. It is common in woman and begins usually around 18-24. The conditioning is people learn that the compulsion alleviates anxiety. It HAS to be maladaptive |
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Term
| What role does conditioning play in the perpetuation of OCD symptoms? |
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Definition
| People learn that it will alleviate an anxiety |
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Term
| What is panic disorder? What are panic attacks? What is agoraphobia? |
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Definition
| It is a sudden attack that is unprovoked by specific threats. It includes: heart palpitations, sweat, chest pain/discomfort, short breath, dizzy, feel like going crazy or dying. It is recurrent, unpredictable, psychological or behavioral problems. It is usually accompanied by agoraphobia which is the fear of being in public by anticipation of panic attacks. |
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Term
| What is the evidence that anxiety disorders have a biological basis? |
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Definition
| Genes (40% MZ twins vs 4% DZ twins). GABA which are inhibitory transmitters are deregulated. It is inhibited by temperant as well (babies Kim’s nephew) |
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Term
| What are some medical problems associated with anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
| The medical conditions that may be associated with anxiety disorders include the heart, where people who have chronic heart disease have an increased prevalence of anxiety disorders and people who have arrhythmias such as super-ventricular arrhythmias or ventricular arrhythmias -- these people also have an increased chance of having anxiety disorders. |
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Term
| What are the cognitive biases and maladaptive cognitive styles of people who suffer from anxiety disorders? What do these biases mean for the treatment of these disorders? |
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Definition
| Cognitive” anxious bias in cognitions and look and seek threats. Learning and observational learning. It means that they have to do observational learning |
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Term
| What role does learning and observational learning play in the acquisition/perpetuation of anxiety disorders? |
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Definition
| It is usually how most recover from it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional states. It is highly comorbid with anxiety disorders and is most common in women. |
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Term
| What is major depression? |
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Definition
| It is feeling sad, depressed, irritable or showing lack of pleasure in previously enjoyed activities for most days at least for two weeks. Symptoms include weight change, bad sleep, bad appetite, restless, worthless, guilt, difference in concentrating, pessimism, hopelessness, lack of drive, difficulty starting project, and no energy |
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Term
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Definition
| A mild/ moderate depression where people stay depressed for most days for two years. It is long term and maladaptive |
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Term
| What is bipolar disorder? |
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Definition
| Depression, irritable, showing lack of pleasure. It is followed by a manic episode where you are feeling really good and not sleeping or only for 1-3 hours, initiate many projects, irritated and angry when thwarted, engaging in pleasurable activities with high potential of painful consequences, feel really good about self, body can’t sustain energy, lasts a few weeks. |
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Term
| What is the difference between mania and hypomania? |
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Definition
| Hypomania is not as extreme or maladaptive |
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Term
| What is the evidence that mood disorders have a biological basis? What does this evidence suggest for treatment of bipolar disorder? |
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Definition
| Studies of twins, families, and adoptions support the notion that depression ahs a genetic component. Although there is some variability among studies, concordance rates between identical twins are generally around for times higher than rates between fraternal twins. Damage to the left prefrontal cortex often leads to depression but this is not a true of damage to the right hemisphere. Biological rhythms have been implicated where they enter REM sleep more quickly and have more of it. There is abnormalities is body temperature. |
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Term
| What are the cognitive biases and maladaptive cognitive styles of people who suffer from depression? |
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Definition
| Stressors in many cases are what start them. It could be interpersonal loss such as having someone die or getting divorced. Depressing people think about themselves, their situation and the future in a negative manner (cognitive triad). Misfortunes are blamed on personal defects whereas positive occurrences are seen as the result of luck. Nondepressed people tend to do the opposite. Depressed people make errors in logic such as over generalizing based on single events, magnifying the seriousness of bad events, personalizing or taking responsibility for bad events in the world that have little do with them. Learned helplessness model is a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events around them |
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Term
| What do these biases mean for the treatment of these disorders? |
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Definition
| Twin studies reveal that concordance for bipolar disorder in identical twins is upward 7-% versus 20% for DZ twins. It runs in a limited number of families that all have afflicted have a similar genetic defect. It is complex and not linked to a single gene. |
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Term
| With respect to schizophrenia, what are positive symptoms? Negative symptoms? |
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Definition
| Positive: excesses of abnormal symptoms such a hallucinations where people hear things that don’t exist. Are grossly disorganized behaviorally, odd speech patterns (no clear conversation, tend to rhyme), delusions (pervasive false beliefs, see that belief in every aspect of life, persecution: everyone is out to get them, grandeur: great power, knowledge, talent, reference: object, events or other people are referring to them) Negative: deficits where it is the absence of normal symptoms, avolition (disinterest), alogia: decreased speech, asociality: social withdrawal, flat affect: little or no reaction or emotional events. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia? Disorganized type? Catatonic type? Undifferentiated type? |
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Definition
| Paranoid: delusions of persecution, grandeur, auditory hallucinations that support delusions, suspicion, anxiety or anger Disorganized: confusion, incoherence, thought disorganization, speech disorganization and behavior, deterioration in hygiene and self care Catatonic: Severe motor disturbances including immobility, waxy flexibility |
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Term
| What is the evidence that schizophrenia has a biological basis? What does this evidence suggest for its treatment? |
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Definition
| Identical twins 50%, the more close genetically the more plausible you are to have it. There are enlarged cerebral ventricle with less tissue (empty space), dopamine agonist increases the symptoms and dopamine antagonist reduce the symptoms. |
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Term
| What is the evidence that environmental factors affect the onset/perpetuation of schizophrenia? What does this suggest regarding treatment? |
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Definition
| They could perpetuated by life stressors, family environments where they are overly critical, hostile and involved (could cause relapse), influenced during the second trimester. This suggests that family treatment could be extremely helpful. |
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Term
| What are personality disorders? |
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Definition
| a class of mental disorders marked by inflexible and maladaptive ways of interacting with the world. They are an axis II disorder where it effects long term memory, it is odd and eccentric, dramatic-emotional (historic, narcissist, borderline, antisocial. They are anxious or fearful |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder? |
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Definition
| Instability, more typical with women, instability in identity, instability with interpersonal relationships, intense emotions where they idolize but hate people in their lives, fear of abandonment, impulsiveness, feeling empty, attempt suicide a lot, comorbid with other psychological disorders such as depression, substance abuse and anxiety. It is difficult to treat them because they become emotionally involved with therapists and become extremely manipulative. Biologically- runs in families Cognitive: failure to accept positive and negative factors of people Environmental factors: parents are usually abusive, rejecting, and non-affirming |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder? |
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Definition
| Usually referred as psychopaths or sociopaths that are interpersonally destructive and harmful individuals. Males outnumber by 3 to 1. They have little respect for social laws, customs or norms. They have a lack of emotional reactivity to negative events. They are separated and usually want to harm people causing them to be extremely dangerous because they have no distress about their personality or actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by unresponsiveness, impaired language, social and cognitive development, and restricted and repetitive behavior. It is typically described as a childhood disorder. They have extreme problems with verbal and nonverbal communication. Typically when they do vocalize it unintentional. Many have pronoun reversal. It is hereditary |
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Term
| What is Asperger’s syndrome? |
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Definition
| Is a high-functioning autism in which children of normal intelligence have specific deficits in social interaction such as having impoverished theory of mind (understand other’s intentions) |
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Term
| What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by restless, inattentive and impulsive behaviors. It clearly has a genetic component |
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Term
| What is the psychodynamic approach to psychological disorders? How do psychodynamic psychologists advocate treating psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| Develop insight, identity and correct behaviors. The Id feels all desires in therapy. Amnesia can occur but not because ego is there to support it. It takes a long time to uncover what the Id wants but it is better than no therapy because it can help to just talk about problems. |
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Term
| What is the humanistic approach to psychological disorders? How do humanists advocate treating psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| That people are born healthy but society imposes unnatural things. It is a client centered therapy with an open setting that is safe and caring. It is nonjudgmental and true self emerges to achieve self actualization. The environment is seen in all therapy. |
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Term
| What is the biological approach to studying psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| Neurochemistry where the goal is to change the brain functioning to improve symptoms because gens cannot be changed |
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Term
| What is cognitive-behavioral therapy? What are its strengths and weaknesses? |
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Definition
| Behaviorists want uncondition behavior by identifying and changing automatic negative distorted thoughts. They learn desirable and appropriate behaviors and typically role play to learn a new behavior. The strengths: shorter than psychodynamic, teaches new methods for clients to keep results on their own, empirically supported because it changes cognition and good for depression and anxiety. Weaknesses: Not for intense disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar disorders are treated at the same time. People learn from others and get social support. The therapists gets backed up and the clients usually get new friends. |
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Term
| What is couples and family therapy? |
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Definition
| Work on changing interactions between patients and significant others. The therapists observes and give unique insight with interactions between people. |
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Term
| How is panic disorder treated? |
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Definition
| Imipramine which is a tricyclic antidepressant that prevents panic attacks but does nothing to reduce anticipatory anxiety that clients have when they fear they might have a panic attack. For that they must break the learned association between the physical symptoms and feeling of doom where cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective. Cognitive helps the most because it helps therapists to assign percentages to specific fears and then compare numbers to times these fears actually have happened. |
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Term
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Definition
| SSRIs began to be used to treat and found particularly effective in reducing the obsession components of some depressions. The drug choice was then colompiramine. However most didn’t improve with these medications. Dopamine has a role because of the link between Tourettes and OCD. High levels of oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with OCD. Most people have to rationalize obsession to feel better so the therapist will state facts. They extinguish learned behaviors by countercondition where the unconditioned stimulus and relaxation techniques are used. |
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Term
| How are depression and dysthymia treated? |
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Definition
| With MAO inhibitors and SSRIs. The MAO activates and reuptakes neurotransmitters that reduce MAO but can have a bad side effect because you cannot eat certain foods. There is also cognitive therapy where you recognize the maladaptive thinking by recording events and reactions. This will eventually de-catatarophize events and will identify organizations.Alternative treatments include light therapy to reset internal biological clock, and full spectrum light bulbs while eating/reading, prevent from releasing melatonin. Light therapy is good for mild depression. There is also exercise which release endorphins and neurons are created that don’t respond so harshly to stress. Electroconvulsive therapy: electrical current produces seizure, mechanism is unknown, effective immediately, only for the most extreme cases. |
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Term
| How is bipolar disorder treated? |
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Definition
| Lithium: stabilizes mood (especially mania), mechanism is unknown but may balance inhibitory and excitary neurotransmitters, some manic patients are resistant because it takes the mania away.SSRIs are helpful for when in depression. |
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Term
| How is schizophrenia treated? |
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Definition
| Biological approaches are best: using antipsychotics, older drugs work on dopamine receptors which could eventually lead to psychomotor disturbances (tartive, parkinsons, dyskinesia) and will not go away. Clozapine: is a newer drug that works on dopamine and other neurotransmitters this however could result in fatal blood diseases but only in small percentages. Family therapy is also used to address the family environment. |
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Term
| How is Borderline Personality Disorder treated? |
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Definition
| (DBT) Dialectical behavior therapy: combines elements of behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic approaches. Clients are seen in both group and individual sessions and the responsibilities of both the client and the therapist are made explicit. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. (something gone wrong)a. Most extreme behaviors are targeted, patients learn new and appropriate behaviors to replace extreme behaviors 2. Discuss the trauma 3. Learn self-respect and problem-solving The prognosis of this is unclear but it is better if you come from upper or middle class. |
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Term
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Definition
| ADHD: methylphenidate (Ritalin) the effects are similar to those of caffeine and amphetamines but it is more potent than former and less portent than the latter. Although the actions of Ritalin are not fully understood it is thought to affect multiple neurotransmitters especially dopamine. Children with ADHD have underactive brains and their hyperactivity may be a way of raising their arousal levels. Behavioral treatment of ADHD: aims to reinforce positive behaviors and ignore or punish problem behaviors. Treatment is very intensive and time consuming. Many advocate using both drugs and this type of treatment.Autism is treated with: Behavioral treatment: ABA (applied behavioral analysis) which is based on principles of operant conditioning. It is a very intensive approach that requires a minimum of forty hours a week of treatment. Biological treatment: Have an increased amount of peptides in their urine. Peptides are from gluten and have thought to have a negative pharmacological effect on learning, attention, brain maturation and social interaction. Children with high peptides are put on a diet which reduces the amount of odd behaviors… SSRIs like Prozac also help and reduce compulsions |
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Term
| What is the mere exposure effect? |
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Definition
| is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle. In studies of interpersonal attraction, the more often a person is seen by someone, the more pleasing and likeable that person appears to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| The evaluation of objects, events or ideas. It is partially socially constructed and guides social interactions and helps predict social behavior. It influences social perception and memories. It is broken up into affective (feelings), behavioral (actions), cognitive (beliefs). |
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Term
| What is attitude accessibility? Which are stronger attitudes – more or less accessible attitudes? Which predict behavior better? |
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Definition
| Predicts behavior consistent with the attitude. Attitudes that are easily activated are more stable and predictive of behavior and resistant to change. Many attitudes influence our feelings and behaviors at an unconscious level which are referred to implicit attitudes. These are accessed from memory quickly with little conscious effort or control. |
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Term
| What is the difference between explicit and implicit attitudes? (Hint: very similar to explicit and implicit memories.) |
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Definition
| Explicit: the attitudes you know about and can report to other peopleImplicit: influence our feelings and behaviors at an unconscious level |
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Term
| What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)? (In fact, if you have a few spare minutes, go to https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/) |
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Definition
| Measures how quickly we associate concepts or objects with words that are positive or negative. Responding more quietly to the association of female- bad than female-good indicates your implicit attitude about females. Implicit attitudes are also revealed in people’s daily behaviors. |
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Term
| What is Cognitive Dissonance Theory? |
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Definition
| The perceptual incongruity that occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. A basic assumption is that dissonance causes anxiety and tension therefore motivates people to reduce it and relieve displeasure. People reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes or behaviors by sometimes rationalizing or trivializing the discrepancy. EX: Nazi soldiers |
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Term
| How does the classic study conducted by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) demonstrate cognitive dissonance? |
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Definition
| Doing an extremely boring task and then giving a person either 20 dollars or 1 dollar or no dollars to say that the project was fun. People with 20 dollars were able to say it was fun and then tell them after that it was really boring actually and said it was fun because they got 20 dollars. The people that got 1 dollar couldn’t really explain why they lied and said it was boring. They changed their attitude and can’t justify why they lied. |
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Term
| What is postdecision justification? |
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Definition
| When deciding between two positive things, having many positive feelings about the one you picked, and having more negative feelings about the one you didn’t, in ordered to decrease dissonance |
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Term
| What is effort justification? |
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Definition
Frats are hard to join so it makes it cool that I’m in this certain one. Also the example of woman having say very sexual passages or words to see if they can join the sex conversation.
People who put themselves through pain, embarrassment, or abuse to join a group experience a great amount of dissonance. Therefore, they re-adjust their attitudes by inflating the importance of the group and their commitment to it |
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Term
| How can attitude change come about as a result of Cognitive Dissonance Theory? |
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Definition
| To justify why they acted a certain way or why they did a certain thing to join a group… |
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Term
| In the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Attitude Change, what is the central route of processing? The peripheral route? What information is attended to in each route? What kind of attitude change does each yield? When would you employ the central route to evaluate a message? When would you employ the peripheral route? |
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Definition
| Elaboration likelihood model of attitude change: 2 modes of thinking about messages (central: conscious, deliberate effort, attend to content AND peripheral: nonconscious, minimal effort, cues hold more sway) You choose which mode depending on motivation and ability effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| In order to graduate you have to pass an achievement exam the argument quality and a different amount of arguments to 8 different groups. When there is a high relevance people: are persuaded by the strength of the argument but not persuaded by the weak argument. When there is low relevance: # of arguments NOT the reason made them agree because of the number of peripheral cues |
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Term
| What is the just world hypothesis (aka Belief in a Just World)? |
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Definition
| refers to the tendency for people to want to believe that the world is just so strongly that when they witness an otherwise inexplicable injustice they will rationalize it by searching for things that the victim might have done to deserve it. This deflects their anxiety, and lets them continue to believe the world is a just place, but at the expense of blaming victims for things that were not, objectively, their fault |
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Term
| What is a personal attribution? What is a situational attribution? |
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Definition
| Personal: explanations that refer to internal characteristics such as abilities, traits, moods and efforts. Situational: explanations that refer to external events such as the weather, luck, accidents or the actions of people |
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Term
| What is the fundamental attribution error? How is it related to the self-serving bias? Is the fundamental attribution error seen in Eastern, collectivistic cultures? |
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Definition
| Fundamental attribution error: people overemphasize personal factors and underestimate the power of the situation. There are cultural differences in the self0serving attribution bias. The easterners tend to be more holistic in how they perceive the world, seeing the forest rather than the individual trees. Eastern cultures use much more information when making attributions than people in the West. And they also are more likely to believe the human behavior is an outcome of personal and situation factors. |
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Term
| What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? How does the study by Rosenthal and Jacobsen (1960s) and Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) illustrate this effect? |
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Definition
| Cognitive schemas that allow for easy and efficient organization of information about people based on their membership in certain groups. Schemas allow for you to group people in certain categories and therefore stereotype. Self-fulfilling prophecy: the observation that people may come to behave in ways that confirm their own or other’s expectations. Study: students take and test that supposedly identified some of them as being especially likely to show large increases in IQ during the school year. Teachers were given a list of the bloomers of their class. At the end of the year standardized testing revealed that the bloomers actually did show a large increase in IQ. Students were chosen at random rather through any test and therefore their increase in IQ was attributed to the extra attention provided by the teachers. However, perhaps the extra attention gave them encouragement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership. |
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Term
| What is ingroup favoritism? |
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Definition
| The groups in which we belong. The tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege member of the ingroup more than the members of the outgroup. |
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Term
| What is the outgroup homogeneity effect? |
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Definition
| people tend to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. |
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Term
| Can stereotypes be inhibited? (p. 542) |
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Definition
| Studies have shown that we can consciously alter our automatic stereotyping. |
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Term
| What are four requirements that must be in place in order for intergroup contact to have a positive effect on intergroup relations? |
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Definition
| 1. Groups are given equal status 2. Interactions are personal and close 3. Activities are interdependent and cooperative 4. Social norms support positive group interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people to work less hard in a group when than when they are working alone |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon of low self-awareness in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards. |
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Term
| What happened during the Stanford Prison Experiment? |
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Definition
| The study had to be stopped after six days because the students became so immersed in their roles that many guards acted brutally and many prisoners became listless and apathetic. The situation was sufficiently powerful to radically alter people’s behavior through a process of deindividuation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term coined to describe when a group makes a bad decision for the sake of cohesiveness and cordiality…It is an extreme form of group polarization; consensus is implicitly more valued than consensus. |
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Term
| What is group polarization? |
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Definition
| Groups are sometimes riskier than individuals and sometimes more cautious; as groups tend to enhance the initial attitudes of members who already agree. Discussion tends to make people on juries believe more strongly in their initial opinions about defendant’s guilt or innocence. When groups make risky decisions, they usually do so because of initial favor towards a risky course of action, and so the rest of the group comes to agreement. |
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Term
| What is the risky shift effect? |
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Definition
| Groups often make riskier decisions than individuals; this accounts for why children in a group may try something dangerous that none of them would have tried alone. |
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Term
| What is public conformity? What is private conformity? |
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Definition
| Conformity is the altering of one’s opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms. Private conformity is more inward whereas public conformity is outward, like wearing nike shorts because it looks good on other girls. |
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Term
| Describe Solomon’s Asch’s conformity experiment. What does Asch’s study suggest about the types of people who will conform? What factors make it less likely that someone will conform? |
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Definition
| Asch believed the conformity effect would not take place if it was from an objective stand point, so he tested this by asking a group of five participants (who were confederates, secretly in league with the researcher) to sit at a table with a participant and look at a reference line then say out loud which of the three comparison lines it matched to. The five confederates deliberately gave the wrong answer in 12 out of 18 trials, so three fourths of the real participants answers were wrong…If once confederate gives the correct answer, conformity to the group decreases a great deal. |
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Term
| What is the foot-in-the-door effect? What is low-balling? Is it consistent or inconsistent with Cognitive Dissonance Theory? |
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Definition
| The foot in the door effect takes place because people will more likely comply with a large and undesirable request if earlier they had agreed to a small request. Ex: group of five people asked if they would mind having a DRIVE SLOWLY sign in their yard for the public, almost all people said no, but if 2 weeks earlier they were asked to sign a petition about traffic laws, they were more likely to allow the sign to be put up. Low balling is when someone agrees to something at a lower cost, then because they have already agreed, they tend to comply with someone if the price raises. Ex: car sales man offers this price, buyer agrees, then sales person says manager won’t let him sell it for less than this price, and buyer still agrees |
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Term
| What is the door-in-the-face effect? |
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Definition
| People will more likely agree to a small request after they have refused a large request, because 2nd request seems modest in comparison. |
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Term
| Describe Stanley Milgram’s study on obedience. What does Milgram’s study suggest about the types of people who will obey? What factors make it less likely that someone will obey? |
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Definition
| He hypothesized that people are obedient to authority figures. In one condition each participant was instructed to shock from someone in another room. In another condition, each participant was instructed to touch and shock with the instructor in the same room. In the second case, the participants were more obedient, and kept increasing shock despite the noises they heard because they were obeying the instructor. Obedience was less likely to take place if the study had not taken place at Yale, if the instructor left the room, or if the person being shocked was in the same room. |
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Term
| The majority of Milgram’s participants indicated they were glad they participated in his study and that more research should be done in this area. How might cognitive dissonance have played a role in this attitude toward their participation in obedience? |
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Definition
| Although they felt dissonance towards their actions of shocking, they alleviated this inconsistency by realizing they were helping out the experiment. |
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Term
| How might cognitive dissonance play a role in people clinging to obedience as a rationale for their behavior? |
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Definition
| It allows them to not feel conflicting feelings by giving reason for their actions (obedience instead of a personal choice) |
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Term
| What did Burger (2009) recently find about whether people still obey? |
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Definition
| 70% of people were still obedient up to the maximum voltage in the experiment; he replicated the experiment to see if it would still be true today. |
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Term
| What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis? |
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Definition
| People that feel frustrated will tend to show aggression; ex: road rage; because you are frustrated, you flip someone off, or cuss. |
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Term
| What is a culture of honor? What has Nisbett and his colleagues found with respect to the culture of honor? |
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Definition
| A belief system in which men are primed to protect their reputations through physical aggression. More men in the Southern cultures would respond more aggressively than men from the North. Also, they showed our attitudes towards violence are determined by our societies’ cultural norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lady who was murdered walking home from work in a safe area of NY; victim of Bystander intervention effect |
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Term
| What is the bystander effect? What role does the diffusion of responsibility play in the bystander effect? |
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Definition
| The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need. It is a paradoxical claim that because more people are around, there is less likely that a victim will be helped, because of the other bystanders, no one takes responsibility; |
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Term
| What effect does proximity have on promoting relationships? |
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Definition
| The more often people come into contact, the more likely they will form a friendship; study at a college dorm showed those who lived near each other were closer friends than those who did not. Proximity maybe related to familiarity in this case. |
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Term
| What effect does similarity between people have on promoting relationships? |
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Definition
| People similar in attitudes, values, interests, backgrounds, and personalities tend to like each other. So people of the same sex, race, age, and year in school. |
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Term
| What makes someone physically attractive? |
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Definition
| Most people find symmetrical faces more attractive; also across cultures, how people rate attractiveness tends to correlate with the “average” faces, or the more familiar faces vs unfamiliar ones. Also, biracial people tend to have more symmetrical faces and are correspondingly rated as more attractive than uniracial. |
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Term
| Generally, what are the benefits of being physically attractive? |
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Definition
| People are drawn to those they find physically attractive and are typically judged to be happier, more intelligent, more sociable, more successful… |
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Term
| How do happy couples typically deal with conflict? How do unhappy couples? |
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Definition
| More satisfied couples tend to express concern for each other even while disagreeing, whereas unhappy couples view one another in the most negative ways possible |
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Term
| What do I/O psychologists study? |
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Definition
| Industrial/Organizational psychology applied to the work setting…They study personalities within the workforce, performance reviews, motivation, leadership, racial/sex diversity, personne |
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