Term
According to psychologists, elaboration involves:
a. internal repetition of information to be recalled
b. forming connections between new information and information already in memory
c. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns
d. Both b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In early infancy the nervous system continues to develop and mature, and it follows a pattern that is essentially:
a. from the head down and from the extremities in
b. from the feet up and from the center out
c. from the feet up and from the extremities in
d. from the head down and from the center out |
|
Definition
d. from the head down and from the center out
|
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Term
Freud suggested that the portion of the personality that seeks immediate gratification of innate urges is:
a. the superego
b. the ego
c. the id
d. the collective unconscious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anna yells, "Don't talk to me!" as she reaches for a piece of paper on which to write the important information she just heard. Anna seems to believe that forgetting from short-term memory is caused by:
a. encoding specificity
b. decay of information
c. transfer-appropriate processing
d. interference from other input |
|
Definition
| d. interference from other input |
|
|
Term
Children generally speak their first word when they are approximately:
a. twelve months of age
b. six months of age
c. two years old
d. three months of age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Although avoiding drugs, alcohol, smoking, and other toxins throughout pregnancy is best, generally the most important time to avoid them in order to prevent abnormalities is:
a. the first 2 weeks of the prenatal period
b. the first three months of the prenatal period
c. the middle three months of the prenatal period
d. the last three months of the prenatal period |
|
Definition
| b. the first three months of the prenatal period |
|
|
Term
Lee doesn't understand why his friend doesn't like the same things he does. Lee's inability to consider the perspective of another person represents
a. accommodation
b. reversibility
c. habituation
d. egocentrism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Long-term memory:
a. maintains information for extended periods of time
b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time
c. is also called working memory
d. maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form |
|
Definition
| a. maintains information for extended periods of time |
|
|
Term
According to Eysenck's view of personality, an individual who was outgoing, sociable, and assertive would score high in:
a. extroversion
b. neuroticism
c. psychoticism
d. agreeableness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Well-defined problems have:
a. well-stated goals but unclear starting points
b. unspecified goals but clear starting points
c. well-stated goals and clear starting points
d. unspecified goals and unclear starting points |
|
Definition
| c. well-stated goals and clear starting points |
|
|
Term
Mora has just turned four, and she has started acting with hostility toward her mother. At the same time, she wants her father's undivided attention all the time. According to Freud, Mora would currently be in the:
a. genital stage of personality development
b. phallic stage of personality development
c. latency period of personality development
d. anal stage of personality development |
|
Definition
| b. phallic stage of personality development |
|
|
Term
Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt:
a. 6 months earlier than boys
b. 2 years earlier than boys
c. 6 months later than boys
d. 2 years later than boys |
|
Definition
| b. 2 years earlier than boys |
|
|
Term
Sensory memory:
a. maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form
b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time
c. is also called working memory
d. is the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time |
|
Definition
| b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time |
|
|
Term
Derek is playing with a red ball when it rolls under the couch. Even though he cannot see where the ball went, Derek immediately starts to search for it. According to Piaget, this would suggest that Derek:
a. has not yet mastered object permanence
b. does not yet understand conservation
c. has mastered the concept of conservation
d. understands object permanence |
|
Definition
| d. understands object permanence |
|
|
Term
According to Piaget, during the concrete operational period:
a. schemata revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities
b. children have a difficult time understanding reversibility
c. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions
d. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world |
|
Definition
d. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world
|
|
|
Term
Babies generally start babbling:
a. in the first few hours after they are born
b. during the first month
c. between the ages of 4 and 6 months
d. between the ages of 2 and 3 months |
|
Definition
| b. during the first month |
|
|
Term
According to psychologists, chunking involves:
a. internal repetition of information to be recalled
b. forming connections between new information and information already in memory
c. creating a visual image of the information that is to be stored in memory
d. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns |
|
Definition
| d. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns |
|
|
Term
According to Piaget, the preoperational period of development lasts from:
a. birth through the age of 2
b. the age of 2 through age 6 or 7
c. the age of 7 through age 11
d. the age of 11 through adulthood |
|
Definition
| b. the age of 2 through age 6 or 7 |
|
|
Term
Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece, or cut into two pieces. Colin asks her to keep it in one piece, because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. Colin's answer suggests that he:
a. cannot assimilate changes in his sandwich
b. cannot accommodate changes in his sandwich
c. does not yet understand conservation
d. has mastered the concept of conservation |
|
Definition
| c. does not yet understand conservation |
|
|
Term
Jung proposed that the collective unconscious contains:
a. all the forbidden desires and traumas accumulated over the person's life
b. the ego and its defense mechanisms
c. archetypes, symbols of enduring concepts passed from one generation to the next
d. a driving force to overcome inferiority and to achieve superiority |
|
Definition
| c. archetypes, symbols of enduring concepts passed from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
A tendency to only see objects and their potential uses in typical ways is called:
a. functional fixedness
b. belief persistence
c. the availability heuristic
d. representativeness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Research has indicated that the capacity of short-term memory is typically:
a. between 3 and 7 items
b. between 5 and 9 items
c. between 7 and 11 items
d. unlimited if the material is kept active using rehearsal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Erikson, during the first year of life young infants must resolve the psychosocial crisis of:
a. initiative versus guilt
b. industry versus inferiority
c. generativity versus stagnation
d. trust versus mistrust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Piaget, during the formal operational period:
a. schemata revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities
b. children have a difficult time understanding reversibility
c. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions
d. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world |
|
Definition
| c. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions |
|
|
Term
The internal repetition of the contents of short-term memory is referred to as:
a. rehearsal
b. chunking
c. elaboration
d. repression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The second stage in Freud's conception of psychosexual development, which occurs during the second year of life, is the:
a. oral stage
b. latency period
c. anal stage
d. phallic stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With respect to language, phonemes:
a. are the smallest units of language that carry meaning
b. are the same as a language's alphabet
c. provide the underlying meaning in a spoken sentence
d. are the smallest significant sound units in spoken language |
|
Definition
d. are the smallest significant sound units in spoken language
|
|
|
Term
Three essential characteristics in any spoken language are:
a. phonology, morphology, and grammar
b. phonology, syntax and semantics
c. grammar, syntax, and structure
d. semantics, morphology, and meaning |
|
Definition
| b. phonology, syntax and semantics |
|
|
Term
Personality tests that are based on the assumption that people's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli will reveal elements of their personality are called:
a. projective tests
b. self-report tests
c. objective tests
d. personality inventories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The most widely used self-report personality inventory is the:
a. 16 Personality Factor Scale (16PF)
b. Neuroticism Extroversion Openness Personality Inventory, Revised (NEO-PI-R)
c. Rorschach test
d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
|
Definition
| a. 16 Personality Factor Scale (16PF) |
|
|
Term
Giving self-justifying plausible excuses that hide the real reasons for our behavior defines the defense mechanism known as:
a. regression
b. reaction formation
c. projection
d. rationalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Four-year-old Brittany mistakes her next-door neighbor's new pet rabbit for a kitty cat. Brittany's error best illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as:
a. accommodation
b. assimilation
c. object permanence
d. centration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Harlow's studies with baby rhesus monkeys suggest that attachment behavior:
a. is adaptive because it helps to ensure infants will receive sufficient nourishment to survive
b. is adaptive because it helps promote better peer relations
c. is adaptive because it helps to ensure infants will receive comfort and protection from harm
d. has no impact on survival or subsequent social adjustment |
|
Definition
| c. is adaptive because it helps to ensure infants will receive comfort and protection from harm |
|
|
Term
According to Piaget, the process of altering an existing schemata to fit new experiences is called:
a. accommodation
b. centration
c. conservation
d. assimilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor period of development lasts from:
a. the age of 2 through age 7
b. the age of 7 through age 11
c. the age of 11 through adulthood
d. birth through the age of 2 |
|
Definition
d. birth through the age of 2
|
|
|
Term
According to psychologists, the basic processes involved in memory are:
a. rehearsal, organization, and interference
b. encoding, storage, and retrieval
c. retrograde and anterograde
d. primacy and recency |
|
Definition
| b. encoding, storage, and retrieval |
|
|
Term
The pattern of maturation within the nervous system would suggest that most newborn infants would be able to control:
a. their legs better than their arms
b. their fingers better than their hands
c. their feet better than their hands
d. their arms better than their finger |
|
Definition
| a. their legs better than their arms |
|
|
Term
A class of objects that most people agree belongs together is called:
a. an algorithm
b. a hierarchy
c. a category
d. a prototype |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Gordon Allport, cardinal traits are:
a. personality traits that dominate an individual's life
b. a small set of descriptive traits that can be used to accurately describe an individual
c. less obvious personality traits that do not always appear in an individual's behavior
d. three basic personality factors that exist in all individuals |
|
Definition
| a. personality traits that dominate an individual's life |
|
|
Term
Our knowledge about how to perform complex tasks is referred to as:
a. episodic memory
b. semantic memory
c. procedural memory
d. acoustic memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to Mary Ainsworth, a child who shows concern when the mother leaves, but who calms down rapidly when she returns, is displaying:
a. a resistant attachment
b. a secure attachment
c. an avoidant attachment
d. no attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The memory system that holds analyzed information for brief periods of time is called:
a. short-term memory
b. sensory memory
c. long-term memory
d. procedural memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to psychologists, episodic memories include:
a. memories of factual information
b. knowledge about the world in general
c. memories of particular events that we have personally experienced
d. knowledge about how to perform complex tasks |
|
Definition
| c. memories of particular events that we have personally experienced |
|
|
Term
The embryonic period in a pregnancy is:
a. the second through the eighth weeks of the pregnancy
b. the first two weeks of the pregnancy, from conception to implantation
c. the last part of the pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth
d. the part of the pregnancy prior to conception |
|
Definition
| a. the second through the eighth weeks of the pregnancy |
|
|
Term
According to Freud, the superego is the portion of the personality:
a. that is governed by inborn instinctual drives
b. that motivates people to act in accordance with society's moral customs
c. that induces people to act with reason and deliberation
d. that is usually inactive, but contains potentially accessible thoughts and memories |
|
Definition
| a. that is governed by inborn instinctual drives |
|
|
Term
Research into the duration of short-term memory has indicated that, when information in short-term memory is not rehearsed, it can be retained for:
a. less than 15 seconds
b. approximately 1/2 second
c. approximately 60 seconds
d. up to 5 minutes |
|
Definition
| c. approximately 60 seconds |
|
|
Term
Resistance refers to:
a. unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert or hinder psychoanalysis
b. conscious attempts to extend therapy sessions once insight has been achieved
c. expressing thoughts and feelings toward the therapist that are representative of how the client actually feels about other people
d. aggressive confrontation of irrational beliefs and negative thoughts |
|
Definition
| a. unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert or hinder psychoanalysis |
|
|
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder involves:
a. recurrent attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
b. persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, accompanied by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts
c. a highly focused, irrational fear of an object or situation
d. excessive worrying that lasts for at least 6 months, and cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source |
|
Definition
d. excessive worrying that lasts for at least 6 months, and cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source
|
|
|
Term
Lithium carbonate is most frequently used to treat:
a. bipolar disorder
b. depression
c. schizophrenia
d. anxiety disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tara sometimes places herself into very strange positions, and then remains immobile for hours at a time. In this case, Tara is displaying symptoms of:
a. obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. catatonia
c. bipolar disorder
d. flattened affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The stress that a person actually experiences in different situations is critically influenced by:
a. the number of life change units the event involves
b. the physical health after the stressor is removed
c. the overall magnitude of the post-stress recovery events
d. the psychodynamic appraisal that the person makes |
|
Definition
| d. the psychodynamic appraisal that the person makes |
|
|
Term
Whitney had been planning to see a psychotherapist to help her deal with her depression, but now she finds that her depression improved without the need for professional treatment. In this case, Whitney appears to have experienced:
a. the placebo effect
b. spontaneous remission
c. avoidance conditioning
d. personal insight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During the resistance phase of the general activation syndrome (GAS):
a. the body cannot adjust its physiological reaction, to cope with the threat that is still present
b. the body immediately adjusts its psychological reaction to cope with the threat that is still present
c. the body's overall level of arousal is increased even further
d. overall arousal levels return to normal levels |
|
Definition
| c. the body's overall level of arousal is increased even further |
|
|
Term
Anxiety disorders are a class of disorders characterized by:
a. the separation of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
b. excessive apprehension that impairs normal functioning
c. prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state
d. chronic patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning |
|
Definition
b. excessive apprehension that impairs normal functioning d. chronic patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning
|
|
|
Term
Cognitive therapies are designed to:
a. uncover the unconscious motivations behind behavior
b. help individuals gain insight into their own self-worth
c. change negative thoughts and beliefs
d. change unwanted or maladaptive behaviors |
|
Definition
| a. uncover the unconscious motivations behind behavior |
|
|
Term
Theo has just had antidepressant medication prescribed. Theo should expect to experience relief from his symptoms of depression:
a. within 2-3 hours of taking the drug for the first time
b. within 24 hours of taking the drug for the first time
c. after 3-4 days of taking the prescribed amount of the drug
d. after 1-2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug |
|
Definition
d. after 1-2 weeks of taking the prescribed amount of the drug
|
|
|
Term
Among the most effective treatments for schizophrenia are medications that:
a. act as dopamine antagonists
b. act as dopamine agonists
c. slow the reuptake of serotonin
d. reduce the levels of serotonin in the brain |
|
Definition
| a. act as dopamine antagonists |
|
|
Term
Transference refers to:
a. unconsciously motivated attempts to subvert or hinder psychoanalysis
b. conscious attempts to extend therapy sessions once insight has been achieved
c. aggressive confrontation of irrational beliefs and negative thoughts
d. expressing thoughts and feelings toward the therapist that are representative of how the client actually feels about other people |
|
Definition
| b. conscious attempts to extend therapy sessions once insight has been achieved |
|
|
Term
Randall hears disembodied voices all the time that give him commands. He has just finished preparing a UFO landing pad in his backyard for the aliens that the voices have told him are planning to invade the earth. In this case, it appears that the voices in Randall's head are:
a. delusions
b. hallucinations
c. obsessions
d. compulsions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An individual who had conversion disorder would:
a. misinterpret normal bodily reactions as symptoms of a serious disease
b. experience physical problems which seem to have no identifiable physical cause
c. persistently be preoccupied with body symptoms that have no identifiable cause
d. have recurrent attacks of extremely intense fear or dread |
|
Definition
| c. persistently be preoccupied with body symptoms that have no identifiable cause |
|
|
Term
You make an appointment to see a therapist and, as you are waiting, you notice that a lot of the books on the therapist's shelves deal with the work of Carl Rogers. You might expect that this therapist will:
a. use counterconditioning to reduce specific fears and anxieties
b. emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
c. help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
d. help you recognize discrepancies between your self-concept and your everyday experiences |
|
Definition
| a. use counterconditioning to reduce specific fears and anxieties |
|
|
Term
Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves:
a. excessive worrying that lasts for at least 6 months, and that cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source
b. recurrent attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
c. persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, accompanied by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts
d. a highly focused, irrational fear of an object or situation |
|
Definition
| c. persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, accompanied by the compelling need to perform repetitive acts |
|
|
Term
Post-traumatic stress disorder is:
a. a trauma-based anxiety disorder characterized by flashbacks, avoidance behavior, and chronic arousal
b. a syndrome that develops in certain people who are exposed to stressful situations that are demanding, but not necessarily traumatic
c. a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations
d. a psychological disorder characterized by uncontrollable thoughts, and the compelling need to perform repetitive acts |
|
Definition
| a. a trauma-based anxiety disorder characterized by flashbacks, avoidance behavior, and chronic arousal |
|
|
Term
Psychotherapists who take an eclectic approach:
a. are willing to pick and choose from among treatment options
b. generally use psychoactive drugs as the first step in a treatment program
c. use behavioral therapies to treat depression and psychodynamic therapies to treat phobias
d. use psychodynamic therapies to treat depression and cognitive therapies to treat phobias |
|
Definition
| a. are willing to pick and choose from among treatment options |
|
|
Term
Criticisms of the medical model of psychological disorders include the idea that:
a. some mental disorders have no well-defined or consistent physical cause
b. the medical model sees many disorders as problems with living
c. the medical model puts too much emphasis on cultural context
d. behavioral symptoms allow reliable classification of many disorders |
|
Definition
| a. some mental disorders have no well-defined or consistent physical cause |
|
|
Term
Systematic desensitization is most likely to be used by a therapist who believes phobias:
a. are learned fear responses
b. reflect an overactive perceptual system
c. reflect unconscious conflicts or traumas
d. are the result of irrational thinking |
|
Definition
| b. reflect an overactive perceptual system |
|
|
Term
Somatoform disorders involve:
a. excessive apprehension that impairs normal functioning
b. psychological problems that focus on the physical body
c. the separation of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
d. chronic patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning |
|
Definition
| c. the separation of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories |
|
|
Term
Schizophrenia has been linked to:
a. an inadequate supply of dopamine
b. an excess supply of dopamine
c. an excess supply of norepinephrine
d. an inadequate supply of norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| b. an excess supply of dopamine |
|
|
Term
Behavioral therapies are based on the assumption that some psychological disorders are a result of:
a. irrational beliefs and negative thoughts
b. unconscious impulses and memories
c. unwanted or maladaptive behaviors
d. an individual's poor self-concept and general lack of self-worth |
|
Definition
| c. unwanted or maladaptive behaviors |
|
|
Term
Personality disorders are a class of disorders characterized by:
a. excessive apprehension that impairs normal functioning
b. chronic patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning
c. the separation of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
d. prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state |
|
Definition
| c. the separation of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories |
|
|
Term
The medical model of mental illness suggests that:
a. all mental illnesses have biological origins
b. all mental illnesses can be treated and cured using drug therapies
c. abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying disease that can be cured with the appropriate therapy
d. the symptoms of psychological disorders will be the same across different cultures |
|
Definition
| c. abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying disease that can be cured with the appropriate therapy |
|
|
Term
Schizophrenic disorders are a class of disorders characterized by:
a. excessive apprehension that impairs normal functioning
b. the separation of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
c. fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior
d. alternating among two or more distinct identities or personality states |
|
Definition
| c. fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, or behavior |
|
|
Term
When Rosemary was seven years old, her older brother jumped out from a hiding spot and grabbed her unexpectedly, just as she was about to go upstairs. As an adult she is still terrified of stairs. Based on classical conditioning principles, a behavioral therapist would suggest the unconditioned stimulus behind Rosemary's phobia was:
a. the fear and arousal she experienced when her brother grabbed her unexpectedly
b. the set of stairs she was about to climb when she was grabbed unexpectedly
c. her brother grabbing her unexpectedly
d. the fear and anxiety that she now experiences when she thinks about stairs |
|
Definition
| b. the set of stairs she was about to climb when she was grabbed unexpectedly |
|
|
Term
One of the criteria that is used to define abnormal behavior is cultural deviance. For a behavior to be considered culturally deviant it must:
a. occur infrequently among the members of a population
b. cause the individual to experience great despair and unhappiness
c. violate the accepted standards of society
d. prevent the individual from functioning well in typical daily activities |
|
Definition
d. prevent the individual from functioning well in typical daily activities
|
|
|
Term
A highly focused, irrational fear of an object or situation is likely to be classified as:
a. generalized anxiety disorder
b. specific phobic disorder
c. panic disorder
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
Definition
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
|
|
|
Term
Psychoanalysis is based on the assumption that a trained therapist can help clients:
a. understand their conscious impulses and memories
b. understand which environmental conditions are maintaining maladaptive behavior
c. discover the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie their behavior
d. bring unconscious impulses and memories into conscious awareness |
|
Definition
| a. understand their conscious impulses and memories |
|
|
Term
Emma, age 14, is depressed. Her therapist believes not only Emma should receive therapy, but also her parents and siblings. Emma's therapist is probably:
a. an existential therapist
b. a behavioral therapist
c. a Gestalt therapist
d. a family therapist |
|
Definition
| a. an existential therapist |
|
|
Term
The DSM-IV-TR is a multiaxial classification system that is used to diagnose psychological disorders. The term "multiaxial" refers to the fact that:
a. accurate diagnosis requires information from a number of separate areas
b. an individual may be diagnosed with more than one psychological disorder using the DSM-IV-TR
c. the DSM-IV-TR can be used for either top-down or bottom-up diagnosis of psychological disorders
d. an individual must undergo assessment on at least two separate occasions before an accurate diagnosis can be made |
|
Definition
| b. an individual may be diagnosed with more than one psychological disorder using the DSM-IV-TR |
|
|
Term
Drugs that are used to reduce the severity of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are called:
a. antipsychotic drugs
b. antidepressant drugs
c. antianxiety drugs
d. antineurotic drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Miranda has been taking a drug to control a psychological disorder. Some of the side effects that she has been experiencing include drowsiness, blurred vision, and tardive dyskinesia. In this case, it is likely that Miranda is being treated for:
a. negative symptoms of schizophrenia
b. positive symptoms of schizophrenia
c. bipolar disorder
d. an anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Benzodiazepines are used to treat:
a. anxiety disorders
b. schizophrenia
c. depression
d. bipolar disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A number of students often develop colds and other minor illnesses during final exam week. Based on the research into the physical responses to stress, this may happen because the stress of final exams:
a. raises the level of lymphocytes in the students' blood
b. lowers the level of cortisol in the students' blood
c. raises the level of cholesterol in the students' blood
d. lowers the level of lymphocytes in the students' blood |
|
Definition
d. lowers the level of lymphocytes in the students' blood
|
|
|
Term
The therapeutic technique designed to be totally supportive and nonjudgmental is:
a. client-centered therapy
b. rational-emotive therapy
c. Beck's cognitive therapy
d. existential therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The body's fight-or-flight response is the adaptive response that occurs when:
a. the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system becomes activated
b. the body's limbic system becomes activated
c. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system becomes activated
d. the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system shuts down |
|
Definition
| c. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system becomes activated |
|
|
Term
Any behavior that occurs infrequently among the members of a population would be considered:
a. functionally deviant
b. dysfunctional
c. emotionally distressing
d. statistically deviant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The three stages or phases in the general activation syndrome (GAS., described by Selye, are:
a. arousal, plateau, and recovery
b. alarm, resistance, and recovery
c. excitement, plateau, and exhaustion
d. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
|
Definition
| c. excitement, plateau, and exhaustion |
|
|
Term
Someone with a Type A personality would tend to be:
a. self-satisfied, patient, and relaxed
b. extroverted, open, and agreeable
c. neurotic, introverted and impatient
d. hard driving, ambitious, and impatient |
|
Definition
| c. neurotic, introverted and impatient |
|
|
Term
Hallucinations involve:
a. thoughts with inappropriate content
b. jumbled and incoherent speech
c. perceptions that have no basis in external stimulation
d. behaviors that are disorganized and bizarre |
|
Definition
| c. perceptions that have no basis in external stimulation |
|
|
Term
Recurrent attacks of extremely intense fear or dread are likely to be classified as:
a. generalized anxiety disorder
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. panic disorder
d. specific phobic disorder |
|
Definition
|
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Term
For weeks, Claire has mostly stayed in bed. Her mood is extremely negative, and she can't seem to force herself to do anything. Claire's problem is likely to be:
a. dependent personality disorder
b. major depressive episode
c. dissociative fugue
d. conversion disorder |
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Definition
| b. major depressive episode |
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Term
Thoughts with inappropriate content are called:
a. delusions
b. hallucinations
c. obsessions
d. compulsions |
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Definition
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Term
Fluoxetine is one of the most commonly prescribed treatments for depression. This drug acts by:
a. speeding up serotonin reuptake
b. slowing the reuptake of serotonin
c. reducing the levels of dopamine in the brain
d. increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain |
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Definition
| a. speeding up serotonin reuptake |
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Term
Dissociative identity disorder involves:
a. recurrent attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
b. the inability to remember important personal information
c. a loss of personal identity accompanied by escape or flight from the home environment
d. alternating among two or more distinct identities or personality states |
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Definition
| c. a loss of personal identity accompanied by escape or flight from the home environment |
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Term
Anatomical and brain-imaging studies have revealed that people with schizophrenia tend to have:
a. larger ventricles in the brain
b. smaller ventricles in the brain
c. malformations in the occipital and temporal lobes
d. fewer neurons that actively secrete serotonin |
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Definition
| a. larger ventricles in the brain |
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Term
Bipolar disorder involves:
a. disordered mood shifts in two directions
b. alternating among two or more distinct identities or personality states
c. two separate psychological disorders being present in one individual
d. chronic patterns of behavior that lead to significant impairments in social functioning |
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Definition
| a. disordered mood shifts in two directions |
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Term
The DSM-IV-TR is a multiaxial classification system that is used to diagnose psychological disorders. Any abnormal behaviors that may be present are classified using:
a. Axis I and Axis II
b. Axis III
c. Axis IV and Axis V
d. Axis X |
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Definition
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Term
. A researcher is an attributional theorist. In his research, he is likely to investigate
a. the conditions under which one person will help another person.
b. the perception of the self.
c. how attitudes are formed.
d. people's perceptions of the causes of events. |
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Definition
| c. how attitudes are formed. |
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Term
While walking on campus one day you overhear a person make the remark, "All college professors are absentminded." This is an example of what psychologists would call
a. in-group bias.
b. racism.
c. behavioral confirmation.
d. a stereotype. |
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Definition
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Term
Cognitive dissonance can best be thought of as
a. the self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. groupthink.
c. a state of conflict.
d. norm crystallization. |
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Definition
| a. the self-fulfilling prophecy. |
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Term
A social psychologist is designing a study of altruism. The dependent variable in the study is most likely some measure of
a. aggression.
b. frustration-aggression.
c. persuasion.
d. helping behavior |
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Definition
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Term
The "fundamental attribution error" is the tendency to
a. attribute your personal successes to dispositional causes and your failures to situational causes.
b. overuse situational attributions and underestimate dispositional forces when searching for causes.
c. overuse dispositional attributions and underestimate situational forces when searching for causes.
d. attribute your personal successes to situational causes and your failures to dispositional causes. |
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Definition
| a. attribute your personal successes to dispositional causes and your failures to situational causes. |
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Term
The research on people's willingness to help strangers in distress was inspired by
a. research on the bystander intervention effect.
b. the discovery of an altruism gene.
c. the finding of altruistic behavior in various animal species.
d. newspaper reports of an assault and murder of a woman. |
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Definition
| b. the discovery of an altruism gene. |
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Term
The general goal of health psychology is to
a. use psychological knowledge to promote wellness and positive health behaviors.
b. use the principles of medicine to treat the physical body as separate from the psyche.
c. encourage individuals throughout the world to get regular medical checkups.
d. eliminate the presence of western scientific thinking in the medical community. |
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Definition
| a. use psychological knowledge to promote wellness and positive health behaviors. |
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Term
All of the following are true of the basic experimental procedure used in Milgram's studies on obedience EXCEPT that
a. the dependent variable was the final level of shock that a teacher gave before refusing to continue to obey the authority.
b. the shocks that were delivered to the learner were moderate rather than severe as the participants had believed.
c. the participants were told to increase the level of shock each time the learner made an error.
d. the participants were led to believe that the study concerned how reward and punishment affects memory and learning. |
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Definition
| b. the shocks that were delivered to the learner were moderate rather than severe as the participants had believed. |
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Term
. In order for a person who holds a false belief to be labeled as prejudiced, the false belief must
a. be based on cultural norms of proper behavior.
b. lead to an attitude of preference toward another human being.
c. resist change even in the face of evidence against its validity.
d. be unconscious. |
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Definition
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Term
A student thinks it is wrong to cheat on tests, but she copied some answers from the person sitting next to her during the chemistry exam and now feels very guilty. According to dissonance theory she is likely to
a. immediately put the test out of her mind.
b. decide that the test was so difficult that it encouraged people to cheat.
c. cheat on all of her tests in the future.
d. feel good if she receives a good grade. |
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Definition
| a. immediately put the test out of her mind. |
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Term
The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion distinguishes between two routes to persuasion, known as the
a. implicit and explicit.
b. primary and secondary.
c. correct and incorrect.
d. central and peripheral. |
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Definition
| c. correct and incorrect. |
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Term
. In the classic social psychology experiment known as the Stanford Prison Experiment,
a. the participants were assigned to their roles through random procedures.
b. the most sadistic participants were assigned the roles of guards.
c. participants were assigned roles that were the opposite of their natural inclinations.
d. participants who were thought to be "helpless" types were assigned the roles of prisoners. |
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Definition
| a. the participants were assigned to their roles through random procedures. |
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Term
One easy way for a person to cope with the unpleasant state of tension associated with cognitive dissonance is to
a. continue the behavior that led to the dissonance.
b. engage in groupthink.
c. change his or her attitudes.
d. pretend that the dissonance does not exist. |
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Definition
| a. continue the behavior that led to the dissonance. |
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Term
A girl who forms a club believes that the members of her club are better than the members of her ex-friend's club. This girl's belief illustrates
a. an in-group bias.
b. demand characteristics.
c. diffusion of responsibility.
d. an other-group bias. |
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Definition
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Term
A stranger asks you for a donation of $20.00 for some charitable enterprise; when you turn him down he then requests only $1.00. After you give him the dollar you realize that this illustrates
a. the door-in-the-face technique.
b. commitment.
c. the foot-in-the-door technique.
d. scarcity. |
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Definition
| a. the door-in-the-face technique. |
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Term
Repressed memories may be similar to eyewitness memories in that
a. both forms have been shown to be absolutely accurate.
b. people holding such memories lack confidence that the memories are real.
c. they both may be subject to outside influence.
d. it is impossible to recover either type. |
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Definition
| a. both forms have been shown to be absolutely accurate. |
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Term
With respect to the psychological models of abnormality, which of the following does not belong?
a. genetic
b. psychodynamic
c. cognitive
d. behavioral |
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Definition
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Term
Cognitive therapy is to behavior therapy as
a. moods are to feelings.
b. leader is to follower.
c. thoughts are to actions.
d. outside is to inside. |
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Definition
| a. moods are to feelings. |
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Term
A therapist is helping a client to restructure the way she thinks about herself and her behavior. . It sounds as though this therapist is using ________ therapy.
a. humanistic
b. biomedical
c. cognitive
d. psychodynamic |
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Definition
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Term
A therapist believes in helping individuals achieve their highest potential, and promotes self-actualization through self exploration and development. This therapist is mostly likely using the ___________ approach.
a. humanistic
b. biomedical
c. cognitive
d. psychodynamic |
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Definition
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