Term
Utilizing a variety of theoretical approaches rather than a single approach is referred to as: | a. | the humanistic approach | | b. | the eclectic approach | | c. | the nativist approach | | d. | the behaviorist approach | |
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Definition
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Term
The axon hillock is the point where: | a. | the neuron's neurotransmitters are stored | | b. | all the excitatory and inhibitory potentials are combined | | c. | glial cells are formed | | d. | the dendrites synapse with the axon's terminal buttons | |
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Definition
| b. | all the excitatory and inhibitory potentials are combined |
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Term
The research method which focuses on a single individual is: | a. | naturalistic observation | | b. | case study research | | c. | the survey method | | d. | correlational research | |
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Definition
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Term
The brain and spinal cord comprise the body's: | a. | peripheral nervous system | | b. | central nervous system | | c. | autonomic nervous system | | d. | parasympathetic nervous system | |
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Definition
| b. | central nervous system |
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Term
A resting potential is: | a. | an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron | | b. | the small gap that exists between adjacent neurons | | c. | an electrical signal that travels along the dendrites of a neuron | | d. | the tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information | |
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Definition
| d. the tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information |
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Term
Your friend's grandfather just had a prescription filled. When you look up the brand name for the drug on the Internet, you discover the drug primarily affects levels of serotonin in the brain. Based on this information, it is most likely that your friend's grandfather is being treated for: | a. | schizophrenia | | b. | depression | | c. | Parkinson's disease | | d. | Alzheimer's disease | |
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Definition
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Term
The neurons that make initial contact with the environment are: | a. | interneurons | | b. | motor neurons | | c. | glial cells | | d. | sensory neurons | |
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Definition
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Term
One of two key functions associated with the frontal lobes is: | a. | initiation of voluntary muscle movements | | b. | processing of neural signals related to touch | | c. | processing of auditory information | | d. | processing of visual information | |
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Definition
| a. | initiation of voluntary muscle movements |
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Term
The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher during the course of an experiment is:
a. the independent variable
b. the dependent variable
c. a confounding variable |
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Definition
| a. the independent variable |
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Term
When everyone in the target population had an equal likelihood of being selected to take part in a survey, the researcher has selected a:
a. biased sample
b. random population
c. non-representative sample
d. random sample |
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Definition
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Term
Deterioration of the neurons within the substantia nigra has been linked to:
a. Alzheimer's disease
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. depression
d. Parkinson's disease |
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Definition
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Term
Telling research participants the nature and possible risks of the research prior to their participation is part of the ethical requirement of:
a. informed consent
b. debriefing
c. confidentiality
d. compensation |
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Definition
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Term
Louise came home one night to find a burglar in her house. Her heart started racing and she began to perspire. These physical reactions were triggered by activity within Louise's:
a. sympathetic nervous system
b. somatic nervous system
c. parasympathetic nervous system
d. cerebellum |
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Definition
| a. sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
If a correlation coefficient has a positive sign, it indicates that:
a. the two factors being measured move in opposite directions
b. the two factors being measured move in the same direction
c. there is no relationship between the two factors being measured
d. there is a significant relationship between the two factors being measured |
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Definition
| b. the two factors being measured move in the same direction |
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Term
The part of the neuron that receives information and carries information into the cell body is (are) the:
a. soma
b. dendrites
c. axon
d. terminal buttons |
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Definition
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Term
One of the key functions associated with the parietal lobes is:
a. initiation of voluntary muscle movements
b. processing of auditory information
c. processing of visual information
d. processing of neural signals related to touch |
|
Definition
| d. processing of neural signals related to touch |
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Term
The part of the neuron that stores neurotransmitters is the:
a. terminal buttons
b. dendrites
c. soma
d. axon |
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Definition
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Term
Roland dropped the hot container he had taken off the stove before he actually sensed any pain because the withdrawal reflex:
a. does not involve the central nervous system
b. is activated by the autonomic nervous system
c. is controlled by interneurons in his spinal cord
d. is initiated in the sensory cortex, which has no pain receptors |
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Definition
| c. is controlled by interneurons in his spinal cord |
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Term
Within the forebrain, the structure that plays an important role in the regulation of eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual behavior is the:
a. thalamus
b. medulla
c. tectum
d. hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
Glial cells are the cells in the nervous system that:
a. remove waste, position neurons and help neurons communicate more efficiently
b. make the initial contact with the environment
c. convey information from one internal processing site to another
d. carry messages and commands away from the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| a. remove waste, position neurons and help neurons communicate more efficiently |
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Term
Early studies of brain damage indicated that patients who lacked the ability to easily understand spoken language often had damage to:
a. an area known as Broca's area
b. the right side of the brain
c. an area known as Wernicke's area
d. the cerebellum |
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Definition
| c. an area known as Wernicke's area |
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Term
Any uncontrolled variable that changes systematically with the independent variable is:
a. a dependent variable
b. a correlation coefficient
c. a theoretical construct
d. a confounding variable |
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Definition
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Term
The key function associated with the cerebellum is:
a. control of basic life support functions (such as heart rate and breathing)
b. control of motivation and emotional responses
c. speech production and speech comprehension
d. coordination of complex motor skills |
|
Definition
| d. coordination of complex motor skills |
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Term
Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the strongest relationship between the two variables being measured is:
a. -0.89
b. +0.65
c. 0.00
d. +3.46 |
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Definition
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Term
One of the key functions associated with the occipital lobes is:
a. initiation of voluntary muscle movements
b. processing of visual information
c. processing of neural signals related to touch
d. processing of auditory information |
|
Definition
| b. processing of visual information |
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Term
Psychology is defined as:
a. the scientific investigation of thought processes
b. the understanding of abnormal behavior
c. the scientific study of behavior and mind
d. the study of mental illness and inner feelings |
|
Definition
| c. the scientific study of behavior and mind |
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Term
Both sodium and potassium ions:
a. carry a negative charge
b. carry a positive charge
c. are concentrated outside the neuron's cell body
d. are concentrated inside the neuron's cell body |
|
Definition
| b. carry a positive charge |
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Term
Action potentials:
a. are stronger when the incoming stimulation is more intense
b. are seldom strong enough to reach the terminal buttons
c. travel more slowly if the incoming stimulation is less intense
d. are generated in an all-or-none fashion |
|
Definition
| d. are generated in an all-or-none fashion |
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Term
In an experimental study, the group of participants who are not exposed to the experimental treatment is:
a. the experimental group
b. the random group
c. the dependent variable group
d. the control group |
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Definition
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Term
The main difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist is:
a. the types of psychological problems that each professional deals with
b. the ages of the patients that they treat
c. the perspective they take in understanding psychological disorders
d. the type of educational background each specialist has |
|
Definition
| d. the type of educational background each specialist has |
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Term
One of the key functions of the amygdala is:
a. the control of motivational and emotional behaviors
b. acting as an important gathering point for sensory input
c. the regulation of eating, drinking, and sexual behavior
d. acting as a gateway into long-term memory |
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Definition
| a. the control of motivational and emotional behaviors |
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Term
An individual who is in a coma and requires medical life-support will most likely show damage to the:
a. hindbrain
b. midbrain
c. forebrain
d. spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
The person who is traditionally recognized as the founder of modern psychology is:
a. William James
b. Wilhelm Wundt
c. Sigmund Freud
d. John Watson |
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Definition
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Term
Within the hindbrain, the structure that is linked to the control of general arousal is the:
a. amygdala
b. cerebellum
c. substantia nigra
d. reticular formation |
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Definition
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Term
A clinical psychologist:
a. extends the principles of psychology to practical, everyday problems in the real world
b. conducts experiments in an attempt to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
c. is a medical doctor specializing in psychological problems
d. diagnoses and treats psychological problems |
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Definition
| d. diagnoses and treats psychological problems |
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Term
In describing the relationship between the mind and the body, René Descartes argued that:
a. the mind and body are separate and governed by separate laws
b. the mind and body are one and the same
c. the mind is of greater importance than the body
d. the body is of greater importance than the mind |
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Definition
| a. the mind and body are separate and governed by separate laws |
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Term
Underproduction of dopamine has been linked with:
a. schizophrenia
b. Alzheimer's disease
c. muscle paralysis
d. Parkinson's disease |
|
Definition
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Term
The small gap that exists between adjacent neurons is called the:
a. synapse
b. soma
c. axon hillock
d. sodium/potassium pump |
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Definition
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Term
Aunt Bess no longer can plan activities or make decisions sensibly. She has also become very uninhibited, undressing in public. Her doctor probably suspects Aunt Bess has damage to:
a. the pons
b. the substantia nigra
c. the frontal lobe
d. the occipital lobe |
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Definition
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Term
Researchers studying the effects of alcohol consumption tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old men who were first assigned to drink a beverage with 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol in the laboratory. In this study, the independent variable would be:
a. the amount of alcohol consumed
b. the age of the research participants
c. the physical coordination skills of the research participants
d. the effects of alcohol consumption |
|
Definition
| a. the amount of alcohol consumed |
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Term
In neurons, the function of the myelin sheath is to:
a. insulate the axon and speed neural transmission
b. insulate the dendrites and speed neural transmission
c. store the neurotransmitters that act on muscles and glands
d. store the neurotransmitters that allow communication between adjacent neurons |
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Definition
| a. insulate the axon and speed neural transmission |
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Term
Within the cerebral cortex, auditory information is processed within the:
a. frontal lobes
b. parietal lobes
c. occipital lobes
d. temporal lobes |
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Definition
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Term
The physical distance from one cycle of electromagnetic energy to the next determines the:
a. hue or color that will be perceived
b. absolute threshold of light
c. brightness that will be perceived
d. intensity of the light wave |
|
Definition
| c. brightness that will be perceived |
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Term
The receptor cells in the retina that enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light are called:
a. cones
b. rods
c. bipolar cells
d. ganglion cells |
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Definition
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Term
The theory of color vision which proposes the human eye has three types of receptors that are sensitive to different ranges of light wavelengths is known as the:
a. opponent-process theory
b. trichromatic theory
c. geon theory
d. Gestalt theory |
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Definition
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Term
The key idea behind the opponent-process theory of color vision is that:
a. increased activation of one type of color cell decreases activation in another
b. the retina contains three kinds of color receptors
c. ganglion cells encode most aspects of color
d. each hemisphere of the brain processes color differently |
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Definition
| a. increased activation of one type of color cell decreases activation in another |
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Term
When Peggy went to the baseball game she quickly separated the fans into the "home crowd" (wearing mostly red), and the "visitors" (wearing mostly blue), even though the fans were fairly evenly dispersed throughout the stadium. Peggy's perception of the crowd illustrates the Gestalt principle of:
a. figure ground
b. closure
c. common fate
d. similarity |
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Definition
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Term
Peter held a small earthworm in each hand and held his hands together so that only one end of each of the earthworms could be seen. In this way, he was able to fool his little sister into thinking he had one gigantic earthworm in his hands. Peter's trick illustrates the Gestalt principle of:
a. good continuation
b. binocular disparity
c. figure and ground
d. common fate |
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Definition
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Term
When Adrian was watching an air show he saw the group of jets flying in formation as a single unit. Adrian's perception during the air show illustrates the Gestalt principle of:
a. figure-ground
b. linear perspective
c. common fate
d. closure |
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Definition
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Term
In paintings, artists can often give the impression of depth by drawing objects such as train tracks as pairs of converging lines. The impression of depth originates due to the monocular depth cue of:
a. convergence
b. linear perspective
c. binocular disparity
d. stereoscopic imagery |
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Definition
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Term
Hilda had an operation on her eyes, but the doctors were unable to save the vision in one eye. Based on what is known about visual perception, you should predict that Hilda will:
a. lose her ability to perceive colors accurately
b. no longer be able to utilize binocular depth cues
c. no longer have any perception of depth
d. be more likely to misinterpret perceptual illusions |
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Definition
| b. no longer be able to utilize binocular depth cues |
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Term
As Frank was walking away from Bill, the image that he cast on Bill's retina got smaller and smaller. However, Bill perceived Frank as staying the same size. This illustrates:
a. size constancy
b. shape constancy
c. binocular depth perception
d. linear perspective |
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Definition
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Term
Stereoscopes, 3-D movies, and stereograms all create illusions of depth by relying on the perceptual principle of:
a. convergence
b. motion parallax
c. retinal disparity
d. texture gradient |
|
Definition
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Term
The frequency of a sound wave determines the:
a. loudness that will be perceived
b. amplitude of the sound wave
c. pitch that will be perceived
d. absolute threshold of sound |
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Definition
| c. pitch that will be perceived |
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Term
Very loud sounds can jeopardize hearing, and exposure to loud sounds can be perceived as being painful. With respect to hearing, human threshold for pain
a. hovers around 120 Hz
b. is generally between 500 and 5,000 Hz
c. is between 50 to 55 decibels
d. hovers around 120 decibels |
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Definition
d. hovers around 120 decibels
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Term
The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger neural impulses is called the:
a. cochlea
b. Eustachian tube
c. semicircular canal
d. auditory canal |
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Definition
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Term
According to the place theory of pitch perception, pitch is partially determined by:
a. the frequency of neural impulses traveling along the auditory pathways
b. the location in the cerebral cortex where the sound is decoded
c. how often the same sound has been encountered in the past
d. the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane |
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Definition
d. the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane
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Term
According to frequency theory:
a. high-frequency sound waves trigger activity only at the start of the cochlea's basilar membrane
b. the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate or frequency at which neural impulses travel along the auditory pathways
c. frequent or prolonged stimulation of any sensory receptor causes that receptor to become less sensitive
d. most sound waves are a complex mixture of many frequencies |
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Definition
| b. the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate or frequency at which neural impulses travel along the auditory pathways |
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Term
The path of a sound wave, as it enters the human ear, is:
a. from the eardrum, to the auditory canal and through the middle ear
b. from the auditory canal, through the middle ear, to the eardrum
c. from the auditory canal, to the eardrum and through the middle ear
d. from the middle ear, to the eardrum, and through the auditory canal |
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Definition
| c. from the auditory canal, to the eardrum and through the middle ear |
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Term
A monist believes that
a. The mind and body are governed by separate laws
b. The mind and body are one and the same
c. The mind is governed by physical laws only
d. mind is governed by physical laws and mental laws |
|
Definition
| b. The mind and body are one and the same |
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Term
The cerebrum is divided into two almost symmetrical halves, which are connected by a mass of fibers called the ________.
a. Cerebral connector
b. Equator
c. Corpus callosum
d. nucleo |
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Definition
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Term
Research designs typically include a control condition
a. to function as backup subjects if something goes wrong.
b. to serve as a baseline against which the experimental effect is evaluated.
c. in order to increase the number of participants in the experiment so more extra credit can be given
d. so that if some participants refuse to continue, they can be replaced by members of the control group. |
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Definition
| b. to serve as a baseline against which the experimental effect is evaluated. |
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Term
Dr. Kendle believes that the best way to understand complex processes, such as taste, is to break the processes down into their component parts. Dr. Kendle's views are consistent with the:
a. functionalist approach to psychology
b. behavioral approach to psychology
c. structuralist approach to psychology
d. nativist approach to psychology |
|
Definition
| d. nativist approach to psychology |
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|
Term
Any uncontrolled variable that changes systematically with the independent variable is:
a. a dependent variable
b. a correlation coefficient
c. a theoretical construct
d. a confounding variable |
|
Definition
| c. a theoretical construct |
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Term
A hypothesis:
a. is a conclusion based on the results of a research study
b. is not necessary if the scientific method is being used
c. normally wouldn't be generated until a study has been completed
d. is a prediction about the characteristics of a behavior under investigation |
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Definition
d. is a prediction about the characteristics of a behavior under investigation
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Term
When concepts are defined in terms of the way in which they will be measured, those concepts are said to be:
a. hypothetical variables
b. externally valid
c. internally valid
d. operationally defined |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Motor neurons are neurons which:
a. make the initial contact with the environment
b. have no direct contact with the world
c. remove waste products and speed neural transmission
d. carry messages to muscles and glands that produce behavioral responses |
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Definition
d. carry messages to muscles and glands that produce behavioral responses
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Term
The neurons that make initial contact with the environment are:
a. interneurons
b. motor neurons
c. glial cells
d. sensory neurons |
|
Definition
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Term
Dr. Gephart believes that it is not possible to fully understand vision using only the summation of sensory experiences. Instead, Dr. Gephart believes we must also understand the purpose vision plays in survival and adaptation. This view is most consistent with the:
a. functionalist approach to psychology
b. structuralist approach to psychology
c. behavioral approach to psychology
d. nativist approach to psychology |
|
Definition
| a. functionalist approach to psychology |
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Term
Your friend's aunt just had a prescription filled. When you look up the brand name for the drug on the Internet, you discover the drug primarily affect is to DECREASE dopamine in the brain. Based on this information, it is most likely that your friend's grandfather is being treated for:
a. Schizophrenia
b. depression
c. Parkinson's disease
d. Alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
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Term
The birds that were eating at the bird feeder initially flew away when the shadow of Charlie's kite passed over the feeder. However, after Charlie had been flying the kite for 15 minutes, the birds had all returned and didn't stop feeding when the kite passed overhead. The birds' change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:
a. sensitization
b. habituation
c. second-order conditioning
d. negative reinforcement |
|
Definition
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Term
Six weeks ago, Pamela bought a new computer that makes a constant humming sound while it is running. At first Pamela found this new sound distracted her and made it difficult to concentrate. However, now she no longer even notices the humming sound. Pamela's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:
a. shaping
b. stimulus generalization
c. sensitization
d. habituation |
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Definition
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Term
Seeing blood always has made Sela feel sick. The movie she saw last week presented a drill-like noise just before the madman butchered each victim. Sela has noticed that she now feels queasy each time she hears the drills at the construction site next door. Based on what is know about different types of learning, you should conclude that Sela's problem is most likely the result of the type of learning known as:
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. observational learning
d. extinction |
|
Definition
| c. observational learning |
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Term
Mike used to really enjoy potato salad, and at a family reunion he ate a large helping. Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been properly refrigerated, and Mike became quite ill after eating it. Now he finds that even the sight of potato salad in the school cafeteria can make him feel sick to his stomach. In this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:
a. the improperly refrigerated potato salad at his family reunion
b. the illness Mike experienced after the family reunion
c. Mike feeling sick to his stomach when he sees potato salad in the school cafeteria
d. the sight of potato salad in the school cafeteria |
|
Definition
| b. the illness Mike experienced after the family reunion |
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Term
A few seconds before your new clock radio sounds its alarm, it makes a tiny click. You've recently noticed that you wake up right after the click and before the alarm, even though you previously never woke up to anything but the alarm itself. The click is acting as:
a. an unconditioned stimulus
b. a conditioned stimulus
c. a positive reinforcer
d. a blocking stimulus |
|
Definition
| b. a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
Research has shown that the most effective classical conditioning association will form when the unconditioned stimulus occurs:
a. just before the conditioned stimulus
b. soon after the unconditioned response
c. soon after the conditioned stimulus
d. just before the conditioned response |
|
Definition
| c. soon after the conditioned stimulus |
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Term
Bernstein applied principles of classical conditioning to the study of taste aversion in young patients undergoing chemotherapy. The children were given some unusually flavored ice cream just before the chemotherapy. Later, the children showed an aversion to that flavor of ice cream. In this example of classical conditioning, the chemotherapy was:
a. an unconditioned stimulus
b. an unconditioned response
c. a conditioned stimulus
d. a conditioned response |
|
Definition
| a. an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
When Peter was three years old, he was clawed very badly by the neighbor's cat. Today Peter is afraid of all small animals, including rabbits and puppies. Peter's fear of all small animals illustrates the classical conditioning process referred to as:
a. stimulus discrimination
b. stimulus generalization
c. aversive conditioning
d. conditioned inhibition |
|
Definition
| b. stimulus generalization |
|
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Term
When Cody was a child, his mother would always make him vanilla pudding when he was sick, and the vanilla pudding always seemed to make Cody feel better. As an adult, Cody finds that the smell of vanilla still makes him feel good, but he doesn't get the same good feeling from other scents like cinnamon or orange. Cody's lack of responsiveness to cinnamon or orange scents illustrates the classical conditioning process referred to as:
a. stimulus generalization
b. second-order conditioning
c. stimulus discrimination
d. habituation |
|
Definition
| c. stimulus discrimination |
|
|
Term
Anastasia wants to teach her cat not to claw at the arms of her couch. Based on what is known about different types of learning, you should conclude that Anastasia will be most successful in reducing the cat's scratching behavior if she relies on the type of learning known as:
a. classical conditioning
b. second-order conditioning
c. observational learning
d. operant conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the theory of operant conditioning, when the presentation of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again, the process that is at work is referred to as:
a. negative reinforcement
b. punishment
c. positive reinforcement
d. classical conditioning |
|
Definition
| c. positive reinforcement |
|
|
Term
Vicent wanted his daughter to make her bed every morning so he gave her a quarter if her bed had been made when she headed out the door for school. Now his daughter makes her bed first thing, every morning, as soon as she gets up. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that, for Vicente's daughter, receiving the quarters acted as:
a. a negative reinforcer for bed making
b. a conditioned stimulus for bed making
c. an unconditioned stimulus for bed making
d. a positive reinforcer for bed making |
|
Definition
| d. a positive reinforcer for bed making |
|
|
Term
Sylvia got a nasty sunburn at the lake last summer. Now, before she goes out in the sun she uses a sunscreen to prevent another sunburn. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that Sylvia's behavior is being influenced by the process referred to as:
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. negative punishment
d. positive punishment |
|
Definition
| b. negative reinforcement |
|
|
Term
If you were explaining the concept of punishment to another student, the most accurate explanation would be that punishment:
a. increases the probability of an undesirable response
b. has the same effects as negative reinforcement
c. decreases the probability of a response
d. affects the probability of an unconditioned response occurring in the future |
|
Definition
| c. decreases the probability of a response |
|
|
Term
According to the theory of operant conditioning, when the removal of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again, the process is referred to as:
a. positive reinforcement
b. positive punishment
c. negative punishment
d. negative reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Compared to continuous reinforcement schedules, intermittent reinforcement makes a response:
a. less resistant to extinction
b. more resistant to shaping
c. more resistant to extinction
d. easier to shape |
|
Definition
| c. more resistant to extinction |
|
|
Term
Robin sells cars at an auto dealership, and she earns a commission for each car that she sells. Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Robin's car selling is being reinforced based on a:
a. fixed-ratio schedule
b. variable-ratio schedule
c. fixed-interval schedule
d. variable-interval schedule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hugh works on an assembly line, and his foreman walks along the line every hour, on the hour, to check on how things are going. Hugh has learned to work especially hard in the few minutes just before his foreman arrives, and while his foreman is watching. Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Hugh's behavior of "working hard" is being reinforced on a:
a. fixed-ratio schedule
b. variable-ratio schedule
c. variable-interval schedule
d. fixed-interval schedule |
|
Definition
| d. fixed-interval schedule |
|
|
Term
Daniel is a hunter, and he is out in a duck blind watching for ducks flying overhead. Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Daniel's watching behavior is likely to be reinforced based on a:
a. fixed-ratio schedule
b. variable-ratio schedule
c. variable-interval schedule
d. fixed-interval schedule |
|
Definition
| b. variable-ratio schedule |
|
|
Term
Eugene was autistic and wouldn't speak to anyone. A therapist who was working with Eugene initially gave him a cookie every time he made any sound at all. This switched to only giving cookies when Eugene said a complete word, and eventually only for complete sentences. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that the therapist developed Eugene's speech skills using the process known as:
a. negative reinforcement
b. shaping
c. adventitious reinforcement
d. vicarious reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Breland and Breland tried to use shaping to train a pig and a raccoon to drop wooden coins into a bank. Neither of the animals was able to learn the task because they both started to respond with behaviors related to feeding instead of the desired response. The results from this study indicate that:
a. operant conditioning proceeds more slowly when the selected reinforcer is typically a consequence for competing natural behaviors
b. classical conditioning associations are acquired more quickly when the CS and the US "belong" together
c. classical conditioning associations are acquired more slowly when the CS and the US "belong" together
d. operant conditioning proceeds more quickly when the selected reinforcer is typically a consequence for competing natural behaviors |
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Definition
| a. operant conditioning proceeds more slowly when the selected reinforcer is typically a consequence for competing natural behaviors |
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Term
Observational learning is important because it is adaptive to:
a. be able to learn about consequences of behavior without direct experience
b. learn to ignore events that are of little long-term significance
c. shift our attention quickly to sudden changes in the environment
d. react more intensely after repeated exposure to the same event |
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Definition
| a. be able to learn about consequences of behavior without direct experience |
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Term
Nelly is having a problem getting her tennis serves to land where she wants them, so her coach demonstrates the correct stance and swing. After watching the coach, Nelly is able to land her serves with much more accuracy. Based on what is known about learning, you should conclude that Nelly was able to improve her serve because of the process known as:
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. observational learning
d. vicarious observation |
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Definition
| c. observational learning |
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Term
The small helmet decals given to football players who have an outstanding performance are examples of:
a. variable reinforcers
b. primary reinforcers
c. negative reinforcers
d. conditioned reinforcers |
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Definition
d. conditioned reinforcers
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Term
Liza likes to play slot machines when she takes trips to Las Vegas. She never knows which quarter will cause a slot machine to "hit," but she also knows that the more times she plays, the more likely she is to hit a jackpot. Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Liza's gambling is being reinforced based on a:
a. fixed-ratio schedule
b. variable-ratio schedule
c. fixed-interval schedule
d. variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| b. variable-ratio schedule |
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Term
During the sensorimotor period:
a. children have a difficult time understanding reversibility
b. schemata revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities
c. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world
d. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions |
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Definition
| b. schemata revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities |
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Term
Four-year-old Keifer says, "We wented to school." This most likely indicates that:
a. Keifer's parents use poor English at home
b. Keifer has forgotten the proper way to form past tense
c. English is not Keifer's native language
d. Keifer is overgeneralizing a grammatical rule |
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Definition
d. Keifer is overgeneralizing a grammatical rule
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Term
The rules for combining words to make sentences are part of a language's:
a. phonology
b. syntax
c. semantics
d. pragmatics |
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Definition
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Term
Harry Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial "mothers." One of the "mothers" was made of wire and delivered food; the other was made of cloth and provided no food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:
a. preferred the wire surrogate that provided food
b. avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner
c. preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food
d. showed no clear preference, and ran to whichever surrogate was closer |
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Definition
| c. preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food |
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Term
According to psychologists, elaboration involves:
a. internal repetition of information to be recalled
b. forming connections between new information and information already in memory
c. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns
d. Both b and c |
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Definition
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