3 Models of Mental Disorders

Medical-looked at as an illness

Behavioral-looked at as maladaptive learning

Sociocultural-looked at as sympotoms of cultural psychopathology

Predisposing

-cause of mental disorder

-trait that you have that predisposes you on the onset of a mental disorder

(genetics)

environmental stressor ----->mental disorterd

Precipitating

-cause of mental disorder

trigger

(high stressor-->mental disorder)

Maintaining

-cuase of mental disorder

-disorder has begun (no treatment or treatment failed)

-antipsychotic drugs-unplesant side effects

-unhealthy environments

Diagnostic and Statistic Manual IV

(DSM - IV)

-diagnostic-manal to help people diagnose mental disorders (everyone on same page)

-symptomology (NOT UNDERLYING cause)

-->clearly visual symptoms

-statistical- epidemiology 

epidemiology

-study of the prevalence of

-who has it

-how many people

-demographics

-funding agencies

Specific Diagnositc Criteria

1. Essential features of the disorder (define disorder)

2. Associated features of the disorder

3. Diagnostic Criteria

4. Information on differenctial diagnosis

*No one symptom leads to disorder*

DSM-IV: Five Diagnostic Axes

1. clinical syndrome : mental disorder -->primary diagnosis

2. personality disorders or mental retardation

3. general medical disorders

4. psychosocial and environmental problems

5. global assessment of functioning (referral agent)

Neurosis

-mental disorder characterized by high levels of anxiety treated psychologically

psychosis

-mental disorder characterized by break w/reality

Medical student syndrome

-constantly reading about disorders and illnesses then believe you have them

3 components of anxiety disorder

1- subjective reports (someone tells a clinician)

2-behaviorial responses (teeth clenching, nail biting, fidgeting)

3-physiological responses (dry mouth, heart racing, digestive disorder, fight or flight(

3 general patters of anxiety disorders

1-panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

(not one focus-anxious about a lot)

2-Phobias (focused)

3-OCD (rituals to feel safe)

Panic Disorder

(8 traits)

(anxiety disorder)

1-panic attack

2-intervening periods

3-derealization

4-depersonalization

5-ER

6-Inescapable doom

7-agoraphobia

8-caffeine

panic attack

-huge sympathetic response

not tied to anything

intervening periods

-worrying that you will have an attack

derealization

-situation is not real

(dreaming)

Depersonalization

-feel outside of one's self

ER (panic attack)

-diagnosed there

-people think theyre having a heart attack

inescapable doom

-cant get away

agoraphobia

-fear of public places; open places

*associated disorder*

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

-chronic state of diffuse anxiety

-restlessness

-irretability

-insomnia

-resting state of panic disorder

Phobias 

-anxiety disorder

-intense irrational fear of object or situation

-simple (specific)-spiders, snakes, heights

-social-debilitating

-->more realistic than other phobias

-more impairng that simple phobias

(public speaking, eating in public, public restrooms)

OCD

(anxiety disorder)

-obsessiong : reoccurring thought

-compulsion: reoccuring behavior

(can't stop yourself, rituals)

-often follows stressful event

-antidepressant drugs treat OCD 

Trichotillomania

-OCD

-pull your own hair out

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

-severe rxn to tramatic events

-flashbacks: enviro cues sends person back into situation (reexperience the trauma)

Factors influencing PTSD intensity

-how well they were coping before

-how close to the events were they

-was there a profound  loss

Unipolar Depression

(maor depressive)

1. depressed mood

2. loss of pleasure/ interest in activities (anhedionia)

3. disturbance of appetite (profound depression; moderately depressed-eat more)

4. sleep disturbance (prodound; moderately depressed-iinsomnia)

5. psychomotor retardation or agitation

6. loss of energy

7. feelings of worthlessness or hoplessness

8. difficulties in thinking (cognitive deficit)

Bipolar disorder

(manic phase)

1. Elevated or irritable mood

2. inflated self esteem

3. sleeplessness

4. talkativenss

5. flight of ideas (cant filter out info)

6. distractibility

7. hyperactivity

8. fearless behavior (promiscuity, shopping sprees)

Dysthymia

milder unipolar

cyclothymia

milder bipolar

unipolar vs bipolar

main differences

unipolar

-usually women

-low self esteem

-more social report (recovered faster)

-enviro influences

bipolar

-no gender differences

- genetic influence

-social support doesnt matter

Seasonal Affective Disorder

(SAD)

-Lack of sunlight/pineal gland

-winter problem

-pineal galnd

light-serotonin

dark-melatonin

Types of Somatoform Disorder

Body Dismorphic Disorder

hypochondrias

somatization disorder

conversion disorder

body dismorphic disorder

-dissatisfaction w/the way you look

-plastic surgery

-newly classified

-associated w/social phobia and depression

-comorbidity

cormorbidity

-2 pathologies that occur together

(body dismorphic disorder)

Hypochrondrias

-extreme fear of disease; irrational

-pathological conviction that they are going to get sick

-not "faking"symptoms

-associated w/anxiety and depression

-different from OCD fears of contamination

-over protective mothers-->often have had faily members w/serious illness

Somatization Disorder

-more vague than hypochondriasis

-numerous recurrent physical complaints

-begins by age 30

-compliants not explained by medical treatment

-symptoms-->at least 4 pains

-2 gastrointestinal

1-sexual

1-mimicking neurological problem

Conversion Disorder

-hysteria

-convert psychological trauma into physical symptoms

-affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning and is suggestive of a neurological or other medical condition

-not intentially produced (feigned)

-cannot be fully explained

Dissociative amnesia

-repressing stressful or traumatic information

dissociative fugue

-travelling amnesia (informal)

having dissociative amnesia and leave a place they live to go somewhere else

-rare, adaptive

dissociative Identitiy Disoder

(mult personality)

alternating-not aware of other personality; alternate btwn the 2

multiple-one central personality; more than 3 all subordinated aware of central

-usually oppsite geder; child; agressive

-radial abuse in early childhood

-controversially diagnosed

Schizophrenia

(split mind)

-split mind between emotion and tough

sympotoms:

-hallucinations

-dellusions

-thought and disorders

-negative symptoms

3 types of dellusions

(erroneous deceptions)

reference-people down the halla re laughing at you

grandeur-think youre a historical figure

persecution-think people are out to get you

thought and disorders

-loose associations

-keep changing the subject

-clanging-rhyme last word in sentence

-echolid-repeat sound of something in enviro

Schizophrenia subtypes

-paranoid

-catatonic

-disorganized

-redisual

catatonic schizophrenia

-doesnt move around or respond

dopaine and the reward pathway

-waxy flexibility-->move something into a position

catatonic rigidity-->tense muscles

residual schizophrenia

-schizo symptoms clear and they become normal

PErsonality disorder

-enduring pattern of experience and behavior

-deviates from exprectations of culture

-pervasive and inflexible

-onset adolescence or early adulthood

-leads to distress or impairment

10 types of Personality Disorders

("passband OH"

1. paranoid

2. avoidant

3. schizotypal

4. schizoid

5. borderline

6. antisocial

7. narcissistic

8. dependenct

9. obsessive compulsive

10. histionic

paranoid

-people out to get you

-isolation

schizotypal

-subtly diff from schizophrenia

schizoid

blunted emotions

-emotional coldness

avoidant

-avoids social interactions b/c fear of rejections

dependent

-clings to people

borderline

-combo of dependent and paranoid

-need to be w/people but not trust them

histronic

-overdramatizes things

-wants attention

Narcissistic

-seems egosistical and in love w/themselves

but has an inner insecurity; abusive to others

obsessive compulsive

-very near and organized that it hinders their ability to function properly

antisocial

-no conscience; starts as conduct order