The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

a. trait

b. social-cognitive

c. psychoanalytic

d. humanistic

Projective tests are a controversial practice in psychology because they are based on:

a. the interpretation of the examiner

b. the interpretation of the responder

c. implicit measures of personality

d. physiological responses

A key feature of projective techniques to assess personality is the use of:

a. essay questions instead of true/false questions

b. validity scales to assess dishonesty

c. ambiguous objects designed to elicit unique responses

d. questions asking participants to imagine themselves in the future

According to the trait approach to personality, an individual's trait is:

a. only evident during specific stages of life

b.  likely to change rapidly depending on the circumstances

c. relatively consistent across a variety of settings

d. unconsciously defined and based on socially unacceptable desires

Ronnie is a softhearted individual who easily trusts people and will go out of his way to help them. According to the Big Five factor model of personality, Ronnie would likely score high on:

a. extraversion

b. conscientiousness

c. openness to experience

d. agreeableness

Which statement about the Big Five factor model is FALSE?

a. The factors are associated with predictable patterns of behavior

b. People high in conscientiousness perform well in their jobs

c. People low in extraversion tend to be social and affectionate

d. People's personalities tend to remain stable throughout life

When introverts and extraverts are presented with an intense stimulus, ____ respond ____

a. introverts and extraverts; randomly

b. introverts and extroverts; the same

c. extraverts; more strongly

d. introverts; more strongly

Ten-year-old Tisha, a fifth grader, cheated on a test. According to the social-cognitive approach, she is more likely than others to:

a. tell lies

b. engage in shoplifting when she enters adolescence

c. steal money from her mother's wallet

d. cheat on a subsequent test

Nadia strongly believes that acupuncture is a valuable treatment for a variety of illnesses. Her classmates are discussing the evidence of the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating certain conditions. Her classmates all agree that acupuncture has not been found to be more effective for treating many conditions than a placebo treatment. Nadia is convinced that her classmates have read the relevant studies; because of this, she soon agrees with her classmates. Which of the following most clearly influenced Nadia’s conformity to the group opinion?

a. accuracy motive

b. hedonic motive

c. approval motive

d. normative influence

Valeska judges her professor's strict class attendance policy as an indication of a controlling personality rather than a necessity because of the limited number of class sessions. Her judgment best illustrates ....

a. informational influence

b. group polarization

c. diffusion of responsibility

d. correspondence bias

Last weekend, Antoine’s friends decided to cover their 5^th-grade teacher’s house in toilet paper. Although Antoine didn’t like the idea at first, he happily joined in after they all decided to wear the same black hoodies and dark sunglasses. Which of the following best explains the change in Antoine’s motivation?

a. cognitive dissonance

b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon

c. deindividuation

d. hedonic motive

Times are economically tough and Bob is forced to take a job as a used-car salesperson to make ends meet. Bob likes to think that he is an honest guy, but he finds himself selling defective automobiles to unsuspecting customers. Bob is likely to experience _____, which probably will be alleviated by _____.

a. cognitive dissonance; believing in the quality of the cars he sells

b. cognitive dissonance; accepting in the fact that he has always been a dishonest person

c. correspondence bias; believing that his customers are also dishonest

d. correspondence bias; being extremely honest to all of his customers

Bart's friends convinced him to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he did not resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates …

a. the bystander effect

b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

c. attribution

d. informational influence

Mr. Darzi heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the area would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the decision-making process involved in ...

a. the norm of reciprocity

b. the bystander effect

c. a self-fulfilling prophecy

d. stereotype threat

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates ...

a. discrimination

b. implicit prejudice

c. group polarization

d. cognitive dissonance

Tests designed to reveal inner aspects of an individual's personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli

criticisms- not reliable (doesn't yield consistent results) not valid (doesn't measure what it's supposed to measure)

type of projective test

inner thoughts and feelings revealed by analysis of response to unstructured inkblots

type of projective test

respondent's motives, concerns, and the way they see the world is revealed by the analysis of stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

type-based assesment

A  questionnaire  designed  to  evaluate   psychological  preferences  in  how  people   perceive  the  world  and  make  decisions

1.  Extraversion  (E)  –  (I)  Introversion 
2.  Sensing  (S)  –  (N)  Intuition 
3.  Thinking  (T)  –  (F)  Feeling 
4.  Judging  (J)  –  (P)  Perception

 not valid or reliable

relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

Describes a person but doesn't say why they do that behavior

The Big 5 Factors

Openness To Experience: imaginitive - down-to-earth, variety - routine, indpenedent - conforming

Conscientiousness: organized - disorganized, careful - careless, self-disciplined - reserved

Extraversion: social - retiring, fun loving - sober, affectionate - reserved

Agreeableness: softhearted - ruthless, trusting - suspicious, helpful - uncooperative

Neuroticim: worried - calm, insecure - secure, self-pitying - self-satisfying

personality quiz using Big 5 traits

with out psychpathology

measure personality and pscyhopathology

most widely used

study of continuity and change across the life span

physically, cognitively, socially

Identical twins- single fertilized egg, same DNA

fraternal twins- 2 different eggs, different DNA, 50% the same

Twin- compare identical and dizygotic twins

Adopted- compare child to adopted and biological parents/siblings

A person's characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

identical twins have more similar temperment

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operational

Formal Operational

1st stage of Piaget development

birth-2

experiencing the world through senses and actions

object permanence

belief that objects exist even when they are not visible

developed in sensorimotor stage

Preoperational

2nd stage of Piaget's developmental

2-6/7

representing things with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning

egocentrism, theory of mind

pretend play

lack conservation

failure to understand that world looks different to different people

preoperational stage

3rd phase of Piaget's developmental

7-11

Thinking logically about conrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

Conservation

concrete operational stage

the basic properties of an object don't change despite changes in the object's appearance

During preoperational stage

ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, reactions, feelings, intentions or mistaken ideas

Final Piaget's developmental stage

12-adulthood

reasoning abstactly

babies are smarter than he thought

more continous/gradual

Infants bond with caregiver

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized

upset when mother leaves

seek contact when she returns

no distress when mother leaves

do not acknowledge her when she returns

distressed when mother leaves

refuse attention when she returns

8 months

develop ability to know familiar and unfamiliar faces

parents impose rules and expect obediance

decreased social skills, low self-esteem

Parents submit to children's demands

increased aggression, inmaturity

Parents are demanding but repsonsive to their children

high self-esteem, independence, social skills

cultures focus on personal identities and freedoms

self-reliant, independent

American/European cultures

cultures focus on the interests of the greater community

compliant, obedient, mutual support system

Asian/African culture

Biological Sex

determined by chromosomes, gonads, internal/external genitalia, hormones

When identity doesn't match assigned biological sex

Transgender

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

behavior is contagious

group pressure

hedonic, approval, accuracy

Asch's experiment- lines

To seek pleasure and avoid pain

type of conformity

be accepted, avoid rejection

normative influence: when another person's behavior provides info about what is acceptable

type of conformity

believe what is right, avoid believing what is wrong

informational influence: when another person's attitudes/beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Tendency to do what authorities tell us to

Milgram's study- shocks, orders, "depersonalized" victim, no model for defiance

an evaluation about an object, person, or event that predisposes a person to feel or act in a particular way

attitude influences actions

actions influences attitudes

an inference about the cause of a person's behavior

how we explain someone's behavior affects how we react to it

Tension that occurs when attitudes and actions don't match

change attitudes to match behaviors

role-playing influenced actions

actions influenced their attitudes (cognitive dissonance)

positive or negative evaluation of a person based on their group membership

Components of Prejudice

Pyramid

(worst at top)

Act- Discrimination

Potential to Act

Emotions- Disgust, fear, pity, pride, envy

Beliefs- stereotypes

Inaccurate

overused

self-perpetuating- perpetual confirmation: people see what they expect, self-fulfilling: people behave as they are expected to

unconscious stereotypes can influence behavior

zygote: fertilized egg

germinal stage: 2 week period of prenatal development after concpetion

embryonic stage: 2nd-8th week, zygote emplanted in uterine wall, beating heart

fetal stage: 9th week-birth, skeleton, muscles, movement

joint attention: the ability to focus on what another person is focused on

imitation

social referencing: the ability to use another person's reactions as info about the world

infancy: birth-18/24 months

motor development: emergence of ability to execute physical actions

reflexes

cephalocaudal rule: tendency for motor behavior ro emerge head to foot

proximodistal rule: tendency for motor behavior to emerge from the center out

preconventional stage: morality of an action is determined by its consequences

conventional stage: morailty of an action is determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

postconventional stage: morailty of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect ones core values

social-cognitive approach

personality

arrogance

with tendency to seek admiration from others