Term
| How do modern psychologists define consciousness? |
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Definition
| a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Term
| What is cognitive neuroscience? |
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Definition
| interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition |
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Term
| What is meant by dual-processing? |
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Definition
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Ex:
Conscious- looking at plant and saying it's a tomato plant
Unconscious- height, tomotoes not ripe yet, wet, color |
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Term
| What is blindsight and what does it tells us about dual-processing |
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Definition
| A condition in which a person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. It furthers the idea that our unconscious is always at work even without the knowing consciously that we are making observations about objects in space. |
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Term
| What are some of the advantages of processing outside of conscious awareness? |
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Definition
| If faculties are damaged that leads to the inability to process things consciously, we can still rely on our unconscious awareness. Processes things faster as welll |
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Term
| What is selective attention? |
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Definition
| paying attention to one thing |
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Term
| What limits does selective attention place on our behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is selective inattention? |
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Definition
| Not paying attention to when thing because we're focused on something else |
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Term
| What are inattentional blindness and change blindness? How do they demonstrate selective inattention? |
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Definition
inattentional blindness- not seeing an object we don't expect
change blindness- not noticing a change in a situation we're involved it |
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Term
| What is a circadian rhythm? |
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Definition
| a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle that controls many biological processes, including sleep and waking |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 distinct stages of sleep with cycle though about every 90 minutes |
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Term
| What are the three N-REM stages of the sleep cycle? |
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Definition
NREM-1- slowed breathing and irregular brain waves, 1st time you slip into sleep. When you experince fantastic images resembling hallucinations (hynagogic)
NREM-2- experience sleep spindles, bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity
NREM-3- slow wave; brain has delta waves- very hard to awaken |
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Term
| What is a hypnogogic image? |
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Definition
| seeing old images before you fall asleep that may transfer into dreams- resembles hallucinations |
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Term
| What is the REM-sleep stage of the sleep cycle? |
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Definition
Paradoxical sleep- internally aroused with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm
1. rapid eye movements
2. waking brain waves
3. muscle paralysis
Stage of sleep where we have story-like dreams |
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Term
| How does the sleep cycle change across a night of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five theories of why we sleep? |
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Definition
1. Keeps us out of danger
2. Restores and repairs brain tissue
3. Restores and rebuilds memories
4. Plays a role is growth processes
5. Helps with creativity and problems solving |
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Term
| What are the major effects of getting too little sleep? |
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Definition
a. hallucination
b. paranoia
c. sense of going crazy
d. high anxiety |
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Term
| What are insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea? |
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Definition
Insomnia- difficulty in falling asleep and staying asleep
Narcolepsy- sudden sleep attacks occurring in the middle of waking activities
Sleep apnea- breathing stops during brief periods of sleep |
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Term
| What are the major theories of why we dream? |
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Definition
1. To satisfy our own wishes
2. To file away memories
3. To develop and preserve neural pathways
4. To make sense of neural static
5. To reflect cognitive development |
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Term
| What are drug tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction? |
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Definition
Tolerance- needed more and more of the substance to have the same effects
Withdrawal- discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Addiction- compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequnces |
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Term
| What is the difference between a physical and a psychological dependence? |
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Definition
| With a physical dependence, the body develops a need for the substance but with psychological dependence, there is an unbearing craving for the substance but there isn't a physiological dependence. |
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Term
| What is a depressant drug? |
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Definition
Reduces the activity of the CNS- makes you more calm and relaxed
Alcohol, barbiutates, and opitates |
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Term
| What are the major effects of alcohol? |
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Definition
Slowed neural processing- slows sympathetic nervous system activity
Memory disruption- inability to recall what happened when intoxicated
Reduced self-awareness and self-control- suppresses awareness of failures or shortcomings
Expectancy effects- expect to have effects of being drunk when drinking |
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Term
| What is a stimulant drug? |
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Definition
Excited the CNS, have a heightened sense of arousal and activity levels
Nicotine, caffeine, cocaine |
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Term
| What are the major effects of cocaine? |
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Definition
rush of euphoria, relief from pain
irritability, insomnia, hypertension, and seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| alters sensation and perception, causes visual and auditory hallucinations |
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Term
| What are the major effects of marijuana? |
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Definition
enhances sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation
impaired learning and memort |
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Term
| What are the major categories of influence on drug use? |
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Definition
Biological
Psychological
social-cultural |
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Term
| How are psychological disorders defined? |
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Definition
| patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional |
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Term
| How does the medical model approach psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured often though treatment in a hospital |
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Term
| How does the biopsychosocial model approach psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| this approach recognizes that mind and body are inseparable. Negative emotions contribute to physical illness, and physical abnormalities contribute to negative emotions. Assess the whole set of influences- genetic predisposition, psychological states, inner psycholgocial dynamics, and social/cultural circumstances |
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Term
| What is DSM-IV? What is it is greatest strength? What major criticism has been directed against it? |
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Definition
| a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. The biggest criticism is that it casts too wide a net and bring almost and kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry. Anyone could have a mental illness today if using this system of classification |
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Term
| What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using diagnostic labels? |
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Definition
Advantage- allows for use of a common language for therapists of others using the label to communicate and understand the diagnosis.
Disadvantage- people begin to act as they have been labeled and the labels can create expectations of certain behavior from others. There may be negative connotations with that label |
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Term
| What is an anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias (specific and social)? How can you distinguish among them? |
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Definition
Overall, its marked by pathological worry. They feel jittery, agitated, and sleep-deprived. For panic disorders, they stike suddenly and last for long minutes where feelings of complete dread overcome you- you also feel physically ill- can be accompanied by heart palpitations, choking sensations, or shortness of breath.
For phobias, there's an irrational fear involved that causes the person to avoid the object, activity, or situation. |
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Term
| What is OCD? What is an obsessive thought? What is a compulsive behavior? |
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Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions
Obsessive thoughts are any repetitive thoughts like concern with dirt, germ, or toxins; something terrible will happen; or symmetry, order, exactness
Compulsive behavior is any repetitive behavior- excessive hand washing; repeating rituals; checking doors, locks etc |
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Term
| What is PTSD? What are the major symptoms? What are the related processes of survivor resilience and post-traumatic growth? |
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Definition
anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that linger for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
Post traumatic growth is positive psychological change as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
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Term
. How does the learning perspective account for anxiety disorders? What are the
roles of stimulus generalization and reinforcement? What is the role of
observational learning? |
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Definition
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Term
How does the social-cognitive perspective account for mood disorders?
What is learned helplessness?
What are the characteristics of depressive thinking?
What is the role of stress? |
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Definition
Social-cognitive perspective accounts for the roles of thinking and acting in mood disorders
Learned helplessness arises after being unable to avoid aversive situations which makes you resigned from the situation and have an overall helpless attitude.
Depressive thinking is characterized by a person's explanatory style- how they explain or justify the negative event that happen to them. Either blaming themselves or thinking it will last forever or it will affect everything they do. defeating beliefs, negative attributions, and self-blame
Stress leads to brooding which amplifies negative feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors- split from reality |
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Term
What are the major symptoms of schizophrenia?
What is a psychotic symptom?
What are the two forms of onset of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
Disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions. Hallucinations, delusions
A psychotic symptom is |
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Term
What are the five major sub-types of schizophrenia?
What are the two forms of onset of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
1. Paranoid- preoccupation with delusions (persecution and grandeur) or hallucinations
2. Disorganized- speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotions
3. Catatonic- immobility
4. Undifferentiated- many and varied symptoms
5. Residual- withdrawal, after hallucinations nd delusions have disappeared |
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Term
| What are positive and negative symptoms? |
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Definition
Positive symptoms are the presence of inappropriate behaviors- experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage
Negative symptoms are the absence of appropriate behaviors- toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute or rigid bodies. |
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Term
| What are the two forms of onset of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
Acute is one form of schizophrenia and generally has a good prognosis. It's seen in patients who generally had a good premorbid history and they symptoms were triggered suddenly and the trigger is clear; tend to have positive symptoms.
Chronic form is when its slow developing and gradual. This means recovery is doubtful. Tend to exhibit negative sympotoms and had poor premorbid history. There's also no clear trigger. |
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Term
| What role do each of the following play in schizophrenia: neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities, prenatal factors, genetics, psychological factors |
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Definition
NTs- excess dopamine plays a large role in the exhibition of positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. Usually medication that blocks dopamine lessens symptoms.
Brain abnormalities- low brain activity in frontal lobes which are critical for reasoning, planning, and problem solving- loss of gray matter. Swollen ventricles to where the brain doesn't fit in the skull |
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Term
What is dissociative identity disorder?
What is the controversy about this disorder?
What is the evidence for both positions in this controversy? |
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Definition
Dissociative identity disorder is a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (used to be multiple personality disorder)
Controversy about the disorder is that skeptics this it may just be an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. They also find it out that it's localized in space and time and think it could be more of a cultural phenomenon- a disorder created by therapists in a particular social context. Patients are usually already prone to fantasies
There may be support for the disorder in distinct brain and body states associated with personalities. |
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Term
| What are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder? |
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Definition
Anorexia nervosa- an eating disorder when a person purposefully starves themselves even though they're significantly underweight
Bulimia nervosa- eating disorder where a person alternates between binge eating and then purging what they ate or fasting
Binge-eating disorder- significant binge eating followed by distress, disgust, guilt but without fasting or vomiting |
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Term
| What is a personality disorder? |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
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Term
| What is antisocial personality disorder? What are the biological factors involved in antisocial personality disorder? |
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Definition
Antisocial personality disorder is a disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhbits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members.
Showing little autonomic nervous system arousal when waiting for an aversive situation- like shocks or loud noises. Stress hormone levels are lower than average. |
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Term
How does the social-cognitive perspective account for mood disorders?
What is learned helplessness?
What are the characteristics of depressive thinking?
What is the role of stress? |
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Definition
Social-cognitive perspective accounts for the roles of thinking and acting in mood disorders
Learned helplessness arises after being unable to avoid aversive situations which makes you resigned from the situation and have an overall helpless attitude.
Depressive thinking is characterized by a person's explanatory style- how they explain or justify the negative event that happen to them. Either blaming themselves or thinking it will last forever or it will affect everything they do. defeating beliefs, negative attributions, and self-blame
Stress leads to brooding which amplifies negative feelings |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of an insight therapy? Which major forms of therapy fall into the category of insight therapies? |
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Definition
Therapy that aims to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses- attempt to reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts
Major forms of therapy that fall into this category-
Psychoanalysis
Humanist
Psychodynamics |
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Term
| What is the major goal of psychoanalysis? What is each of the following techniques and how is it used in psychoanalysis: resistance, transference, and interpretation? |
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Definition
Major goal is to help patients understand their own repressed or disowned feeling and bring it into conscious awareness. Wanted them to have insight into their disorder by reducing growth-impeding inner conflicts
Resistance- when a patient avoids or changes the subject before talking about something that causes them anxiety
Transference- when the patient begins to transfer certain feelings or emotions that they had for someone significant in their lives on to the therapist (a perfectionists criticizing themselves for being late to session because mom made her perfectionist)
Interpretation- when the therapists suggests meaning behind resistance or dreams or other items discussed during a session to promote insight |
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Term
| What are the goals of humanistic therapy? How are these goals similar to and different from, those of psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
| Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping the patient grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. Similar to psychoanalysis because they try to reduce thoughts the impede growth but different because they promote growth and do not cure illness, growth means taking responsibility for feelings and actions rather than uncovering hidden determinants. Conscious thoughts are more important that unconscious thoughts. The present and future are more important than the past |
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Term
| What is Roger’s client-centered therapy? What qualities does Rogers believe a humanistic therapist should show and why? What is Rogers’ technique of active listening? |
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Definition
Client centered therapy is when the therapists tries to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights and just focuses on their thoughts; tried not to offer judgement or interpretation.
Qualities of genuineness, empathy, and acceptance that if the therapists drops their facade their relationship with the client will deepen self-understanding and self-acceptance
Active listening is echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what the client expresses ad acknowledges the feelings expresses. Not really repeating what the client says but offering an insight through clarification and understanding of what the client said. |
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Term
| What is the goal of behavior therapy? How does this differ from the goals of insight therapies? |
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Definition
View problems as learned behavior that can be countered with constructive behaviors
Differs from insight therapies because they're not delving into the person's inner thoughts and feelings |
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Term
How is classical conditioning used in behavior therapy?
In particular, how what each of these kinds of classical conditioning techniques is and what they are used for: exposure therapies, systematic desensitization, virtual reality therapy, aversion therapy (pay attention to how aversion therapy differs from the other techniques). |
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Definition
Classical conditioning is used to trigger new responses from conditioned stimulus that are unwanted
Exposure therapies is when you expose yourself to the the stimuli that causes anxiety or arouses you so many times that the response becomes emotionally normal
Systematic desensitization is when the client and the the therapist make a hierarchy of of activities for their phobia and they imagine themselves carrying out those things. As soon as the client begins to feel anxious, they start all over again until the response is normal. May also involve carrying out the activity in real life
Virtual reality therapy
Aversion therapy is when the client associated an unpleasant stimulus with an unwanted behavior to stop it. This biggest difference from the rest is that it acts on operant conditioning, so you still have the choice of continuing with the unwanted behavior |
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Term
How are operant conditioning techniques used in behavior modification? What is a
token economy and how is it used therapeutically? |
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Definition
Desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are ignored or punished.
Token economy is getting tokens for desired behaviors that may be traded in later for a reward and helps the client get motivated to act on the desired behavior |
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Term
| What approach is taken in the cognitive therapies? How does Beck’s form of cognitive therapy work? How does stress inoculation therapy work? |
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Definition
Cognitive therapy teaches new ways of thinking and acting to correct negative thoughts about emotional events.
Beck sought to reverse clients' catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations, and their future. Questioning reveals irrational thinking and persuades people to remove negative thoughts
Stress inoculation training is teaching people to restructure their thinking is stressful situations by saying positive things to oneself- dispute negative thoughts |
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Term
| How does cognitive behavior therapy combine the behavioral and cognitive approaches? |
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Definition
It alters the way people think through cognitive therapy but also alters the way they act through behavior therapy
Usually behavior therapy is addressed first and then cognitive change is discussed |
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Term
| What is group therapy? What are the advantages of this approach? How is family therapy used? How does group therapy differ from support groups? |
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Definition
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals. permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
It saves money, offers a social lab for exploring social behaviors, enables people to see that others share similar problems, provides feedback |
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Term
| Why are the opinions of clients and clinicians unreliable sources of evidence about the efficacy of therapy? What role is played by the placebo effect and by regression to the mean? |
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Definition
People often enter therapy in crisis and so they'll attribute their improvement to therapy but it could just be because of normal ebb and flow
Clients will be believe it was worth the effort because they don't want to admit to something not working that they paid for and invested time in.
Clients will say good things about therapists even if it they were failures
Placebo- patients and therapists expect treatment to be effective may believe it was
Regression- attribute a normal regression to successful treatment |
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Term
| Overall, how effective has research found psychotherapy to be? What kinds of therapies have been found to be effective for what kinds of disorders? What is evidence-based practice? |
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Definition
Someone who received treatment is often times better off than 80% of people who don't receive treatment
Phobias- exposure therapies-- systematic desensitization
OCD-- exposure with response prevention
Panic and generalized anxiety- cognitive behavior therapy
Mood disorders- CBT
Depression- interpersonal therapy
Dissociative disorder- psychodynamic therapy
Borderline PD- dialectical behavior therapy |
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Term
| What is EMDR and how effective has it been found to be? |
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Definition
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing- anxious thoughts dissipate when eyes spontaneously dart about
From 84 to 100 percent of those with single- trauma, it works |
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Term
| What is Light Exposure Therapy and how effective has it been found to be? |
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Definition
| counteracts seasonal affective disorder- gives them an intense dose of light daily. 61% of those exposed to light say it works |
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