Term
| Needs, Drives and Arousal Motivate Behavior |
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Definition
- "motivation" involves factors that energize, initiate, direct, and sustain behavior
- "needs" are states of deficiency
- Maslow's influential concept of a "hierarchy of needs" helped shape "humanistic psychology" |
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Term
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Definition
1) physiological
2) safety
3) belonging and love
4) esteem
5) self-actualization |
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Term
| Needs, Drives and Arousal Motivate Behavior |
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Definition
- "drives" are psychological states activated to satisfy needs
- needs produce states of arousal which drive behavior
- negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis (point of balance, needs are met) |
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Term
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Definition
- Hull proposed that specific aroused driven states increase in proportion to amount of deprivation
- behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become "habit"
- "incentives" are external motivators and are culturally determined |
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Term
| Some Behaviors are Motivated for Their Own Sake |
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Definition
- extrinsic (external) vs. intrinsic (internal) motivation
- curiosity, play, and exploratory drive
- creativity and problem-solving
- extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation
- control theory (like having control of our behavior) and self-perception |
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Term
| Humans Have a Fundamental Need to Belong |
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Definition
- the need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences cognition and emotion
- not-belonging increases risk for health problems, including emotional distress
- social exclusion theory- excluded from something, we feel anxious, motivated to get rid of negative feeling |
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Term
| People Seek Others When They Are Anxious |
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Definition
- isolation produces anxiety, but anxiety motivates the desire for company
- misery loves miserable company, not just any company
- social comparison theory- how we're doing compared to how others are |
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Term
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Definition
| - emotions are complex reactions that engage our bodies and minds at multiple levels |
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Term
| The Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
- biting down on flashlight causes facial (smile) muscles to activated
- gives feedback
- activate frown muscles--> emotions and thoughts become unhappy
- we don't smile because we're happy, we're happy because we're smiling |
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Term
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Definition
- facial feedback- facial muscles frozen, not normally expressed
- face can't give feedback
- mood is effected |
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Term
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Definition
- see grizzly--> physiology causes us to automatically experience fear (autonomic fingerprint of fear)
- emotional experience is the consequence, and not cause, of physiological reactions (heart pounding, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| - happen simultaneously (fear+physiological reaction) |
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Term
| Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory |
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Definition
- grizzly bear--> "that's a scary bear, I'm afraid of that"+ physiological reaction=fear
- same physiological reaction to all emotional stimuli, but interpret differently (fear, delight, etc.) depending on ocassion |
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Term
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Definition
* The amygdala plays an important role in emotion; threat detector
- appraisal: an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus (amygdala is critical)
- Fast (thalamus-->amygdala) and slow (thalamus-->cortex-->amygdala) pathways of fear in the brain
- subcortical region is important (inhibit emotions) |
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Term
| Emotions Have a Cognitive Component |
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Definition
- Schacter's two-factor theory proposes emotions result from the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal
- people can misattribute the source of emotional states |
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Term
| Excitation Transfer video example |
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Definition
- intense emotional experiences transferred from one to another
- emotions are interchangeable depending on circumstances when you experienced them
- pretty girl asks man to fill out questionaire while on a scary bridge (20 men) and men on safe bridge (20)
- people on scary bridge wrote stories of love and safe bridge wrote generic plain stories
- people who are scared will credit their strong emotions to love, trying to find reason for emotion
- MISATTRIBUTION |
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Term
| Are there "universal" cross-culturally evident emotions? |
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Definition
- six emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise) recognized as "universal"
- they exist across cultures and are independent of cultural contexts of expression
- biological influence |
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Term
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Definition
- actors posed in photos to express emotions. Photos shown to members of literate (swedes, Japanese, Kenyans) and pre-literate (isolated New Guinea tribe) cultures, persons asked to identify the emotions being portrayed
- results? judgements of portrayed emotions same as across cultures |
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Term
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Definition
- children born blind will cry, smile, and laugh under essentially the same conditions that elicit these reactions in sighted children (NOT LEARNED RESPONSES)
- much the same is true of children born both blind and deaf |
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Term
| Facial Expressions Communicate Emotion |
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Definition
- facial expressions across cultures reveal universal emotions (anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise) that may be biologically based
- display rules govern how and when emotions are exhibited
- gender differences in display rules guide emotional expression and reflect norms |
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Term
| Cultural Dependence of Emotional Displays |
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Definition
| - emotional experience may be relatively independent of culture, but culturally dependent "display rules" control expression |
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Term
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Definition
- Japanese and American subjects both watched a gruesome film of a primitive puberty ritual while being filmed unknowingly, in and out of presence of lab-coated experimenter
- results: in room alone=no difference, all looked same...someone in room= japanese show far less emotion than americans |
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Term
| Conclusions: Universality and Display Rules: |
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Definition
- cultural norms affect expression (display rules) more than experience of basic universal emotions
- it is likely there is a dampening (or augmenting) effect on emotional experience due to display rules affected by cultural conditions and circumstances |
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Term
| Brain Hemisphere Dominance |
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Definition
- left hemisphere dominant show greater positive affect and right hemisphere dominance predicts negative affect
- A-symmetry in terms of emotional experiences |
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Term
| Extreme Right Pre-Fontal Activation |
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Definition
1) larger decreases in natural killer (NK) cells in response to stress (reduced immune function)
2) higher plasma cortisol levels (cortisol=stress-related hormone)
3) deficits in reducing negative affect once it rises
- recover much more slowly from negative experience |
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Term
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Definition
- individual differences make some people stress resistant and others stress vulnerable
- people with "hardiness" (personality traits of commitment, challenge, control) show less negative responses to stressful events
- Social Support facilitates stress-management and promotes "resilience" |
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Term
| The Regulation of Emotion |
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Definition
* emotion regulation: the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience
- reappraisal: changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
- ex) not afraid, I'm in love |
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Term
| The Importance of "Emotional Intelligence" |
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Definition
- background data: Mischel's "Marshmallow Test" demonstrates the importance of emotional regulation, especially ability to exercise delay of gratification
- four-year-olds were given choice of having one marshmallow immediately or waiting until the experimenter returned and the receiving two marshmallows |
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Term
| Results of Marshmallow Version? |
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Definition
- children who at age four were able to delay gratification
- more well-adjusted
- handled stress better
- more confident and self-reliant
- more persistent toward attaining goals
- children who controlled impulses were more successful academically |
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Term
| Goleman's 5 Aptitudes of Emotional Intelligence: |
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Definition
1) self-awareness
2) self-soothing
3) self-motivation
4) empathy
5) effective relating |
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Term
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Definition
| - "is not the opposite of intelligence, it is not the triumph of heart over head- it is the unique intersection of both." |
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