Term
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Definition
-process through which axons are covered with a thin layer of fat cells which increase the speed and efficiency of information
-speed of though |
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Term
| What is the recommendation for amount of physical activity per day? |
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Definition
-every day
-Preschool: 2 hours
-day should center on activities, not meals |
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Term
| Describe gross and fine motor skill development in 3, 4, and 5 year olds |
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Definition
Gross
3: hop, jump, run; performance
4: low jungle gyms, climb stairs with one foot; adventurous
5. climb anything, run hard, races
Fine
3: pick up tiny objects with some difficulty, build high block towers but not straight
4: try to stack blocks perfectly, improved substantially
5: hand, arm, and body all move together under command of eye, do not just build towers but other structures |
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Term
Describe Vygotsy's Theories:
1. Zone of Proximal Development
2. Scaffolding
3. Private Speech |
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Definition
1. range of tasks that are too difficult for child alone but can be mastered with assistance
-lower limit: child alone
-upper limit: responsibility with assistance
-captures cognitive skills that are in process of maturing
2. changing the level of support
3. use of language for self regulation
-important tool during early childhood
-must talk externally before they can internalize (3-7 years) |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's |
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Term
| Describe False Belief Task |
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Definition
-chocolate in crayon box
-children under age of 4 do not under it is possible to have a false belief
-develops in majority of children by age 5 |
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Term
Define the following:
1. conservation
2. centration |
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Definition
*if they posses these they are at pre-operational stage
1. centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
2. lack of awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties
-same volumes in different cups |
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Term
| Describe preoperational thought |
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Definition
-Preoperational occurs from age 2-7
-represent world with words, images and theory; also form stable concepts and begin to reason
-dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
-child does not perform operations
-beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior |
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Term
Describe the following type of education:
Child centered |
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Definition
-nurturing
-emphasizes the education of the whole child and is concerned with physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development
-emphasis on process of learning rather than learning
-children learn through firsthand experience
-play is extremely important |
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Term
Describe the following type of education:
Montessori |
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Definition
-children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities
-they can move from activity to activity
-teacher is a facilitator rather than director
-some say it neglects socioemotional development |
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Term
Describe the following type of education:
Developmentally Appropriate Ed (DAP) |
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Definition
-children develop at different rates and it accounts for differences
-hands on teaching, games and dramatic play
-focus on improving socioemotional and cognitive development |
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Term
| Describe self-understanding |
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Definition
-Erikson
-representation of self, the substance and contents of self conceptions
-includes self recognition
-descriptions may be unrealistically positive |
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Term
| Describe Baumrind’s parenting styles |
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Definition
Authoritorian-restrictive, unresponsive
Authoritative-controlling, accepting
Neglectful- unrestrictive, unresponsive
Indulgent- uncontrolling, accepting |
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Term
| Describe initiative vs. guilt |
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Definition
-Erikson's stage in early childhood
-children know they are their own and want to do things themselves
-see parents as powerful but sometimes unreasonable |
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Term
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Definition
-child is removed from a setting that is positive
ex. forbid TV
-most psychologists encourage explaining the situation (induction) |
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Term
| Describe impact of birth order |
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Definition
-first borns are most intelligent, achieving while later borns are most rebellious, liberal
-not always the case
-sometimes mothers interact differently with the 2nd born than the first |
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Term
| Describe the impact of SES on parenting |
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Definition
| -poor work conditions are likely to become more irritable and engage in less effective parenting |
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Term
Describe different types of play
1. Practice
2. Symbolic
3. Social
4. Constructive
5. Games |
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Definition
Practice: repeat activities when new skills are being learned
Pretense/symbolic: child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
Social: interact with others
Constructive: create solution/product
-combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation
Games: activities that are engaged in for pleasure with rules |
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Term
| Describe the impact of divorce on children |
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Definition
-poorer adjustment but most do not have major problems
-issues include academic problems, drugs, delinquency, depression
-family processes are key and child temperament is important
-mother's income disparity can play a role |
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Term
| Describe some functions of play |
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Definition
-relieve energy, tension
-advances cognition
-satisfy drive to explore
-aids in communication, language development
-Piaget and Vygotsky agree its important for cognitive development |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. emotion-coaching
2. emotion-dismissing parents |
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Definition
1. monitor their child's emotions, view their negative emotions are teachable moments, assist them in labeling emotions
2. view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions |
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Term
Describe the following types of morality:
1. heteronomous
2. autonomous |
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Definition
Piaget's two distinct stages of morality
1. occurs from age 4-7
-children think of justice and rules as unchangeable, removed from control of people
-immanent justice
2. from age 10 and on
-they become aware that rules are created by people and in judging an action they consider the intentions and consequences |
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Term
Explain the following influences on gender identity
1. Peers
2. Parents |
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Definition
1. a. Gender composition: at 3, children tend to play with same sex
b. Group size: at 5, boys associate in large groups and organized groups; seek to attain group goal
c. Interaction in same sex groups: boys engage in physical play, competition; girls act in a more reciprocal manner
2. influence by action and example
-mothers socialize daughters to be more obedient and responsible than sons and place more restrictions on girls
-fathers show more attention to sons and engage in more activities with sons |
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Term
| Describe the correlation of health and the school years |
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Definition
-healthiest part of childhood is middle childhood
-least illness/death
-weight becoming a problem |
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Term
| What are some ways parents can help their obese children? |
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Definition
-exercise/eat healthy as a family
-limit TV/computer time |
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Term
| Describe criticisms of IQ testing, even culture-free tests |
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Definition
-all cultures are different and experience different things
-some do not place emphasis on time or pictures |
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Term
| Describe learning disabilities |
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Definition
child has a difficulty in learning that involves the following:
-spoken or written language (reading, writing, spelling)
-math
may not a direct result of sense deficiency, mental retardation, or disdvantages
-boys are 3x as likely
-cause is unknown |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. Autism
2. Asperger syndrome |
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Definition
-can be detected from 1-3
-boys are 4x as likely to be diagnosed
1. severe developmental ASD that is onset in first 3 years
-includes deficiencies in relationships, communication, restricted, repetitive behavior
2. mild ASD which the child has good verbal language, milder nonverbal language
-restricted range of interests and relationships
-often engage in obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations |
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Term
Define the following:
1. mainstreaming
2. inclusion |
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Definition
1. placing children with spec ed needs in remedial education rooms but include in others (art, gym, music)
2. placing children with special ed needs in regular classes all the time but different standards |
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Term
| Describe concrete operational thought |
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Definition
-this stage occurs from 7-11
-they can reason logically as long as it can be applied to specific or concrete examples
-identity: same object even if parts change
-reversibility: object can return to original state
-classification (family tree)
-seriation: ability to order things along a quantitative dimension
-transivity: ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
-cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing
-understand that longer lists are harder than shorter
-don't understand that things group together are easier to understand
-have unrealistic expectations of their memory |
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Term
| Describe some treatment options for ADHD |
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Definition
-Ritalin and Adderall
-behavior management treatments reduce effect as well
-combination of both is generally best |
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Term
Describe the following information processing systems
1. sensory memory
2. working memory
3. long-term memory |
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Definition
1. initial; very short
2. temporarily stores info; last up to 30 seconds
3. continuation of storing info; increases with age
-speed increases
-knowledge base grows |
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Term
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Definition
-process of making an action reflexive
-tying shoes without thinking hard |
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Term
| Describe 3 levels of moral reasoning (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
Preconventional: interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments
Conventional: apply certain standards, but they are set by social standards
Postconventional: recognizes alternative moral development |
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Term
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Definition
belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
-Bandura
-"I can" |
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Term
| Describe social cognition |
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Definition
involves thoughts about social matters
-becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships
ex: an agressive boy's interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates perception of his behavior as inappropriate |
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Term
| Describe Erikson’s middle childhood stage |
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Definition
Industry vs. Inferiority
-children are interested in how things are made
-feeling of industry is encouraged when children build, fix, cook |
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Term
| Define sociometric status |
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Definition
how children are liked and disliked
Popular-nominated as best friend
Average-receive both positive and negative
Neglected-infrequently chosen as best friend
Rejected-disliked
Controversial-both best friend and disliked |
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Term
| Describe characteristics of bully victims |
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Definition
-boys in middle school
-lonely and difficulty making friends
-anxious, socially withdrawn, aggressive children |
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Term
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Definition
-control is shared between parent and child
-occurs in middle to late childhood |
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Term
| Describe social comparison |
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Definition
-children describes themselves relating to others
-not what they can do, but what they can do compared to others
-develops in middle childhood |
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Term
| Describe social comparison |
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Definition
-children describes themselves relating to others
-not what they can do, but what they can do compared to others
-develops in middle childhood |
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Term
| Describe gender and agression |
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Definition
Boys: more physically aggressive
-hormones, genes/cultural expectations
Girls: sometimes more verbally aggressive
*Girls engage in more relational aggression
(manipulation, rumors, gossip) |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. direct instruction
2. constructivist approach |
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Definition
1. structured and teacher centered
-high expectations
-maximum learning time
2. learner centered and emphasizes the importance of individuals constructing their knowledge with guidance from teacher
-teachers do not attempt to pour info into students
-emphasizes critical thinking and collaboration |
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