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Definition
Automatic "life support"
Basic functions for survival
Controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure |
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Definition
Coordinates fine motor movement such as coordination, balance, posture and voluntary movements
Affected by alcohol |
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Under the Cortex
System of neural structures associated with basic emotions, drives, memory, fear, agression, food and sex |
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"Sensory Switchboard"
Assigns messages to the correct sensory receiving areas in the cortex
Coordinates replies from the Sensory Cortex to the Cerebellum and Medulla
Senses: taste, see, hear, touch |
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MEMORY
Helps process explicit memories |
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| Processes EMOTIONS especially anger and fear |
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| Sunken in folds in the Cerebral Cortex |
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| Ridges in the Cerebral Cortex |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
All other nerve cells in the body not in the brain or spinal cord
Allows brain to communicate with senses |
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Definition
| Network of neurons in the brainstem that affect general ALERTNESS (arousal) and STAGES OF SLEEP. |
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Part of the Limbic System
Temperature regulation, emotion, sexual urges, motivation, hunger, thirst |
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| System of structures crucial for planning and producing MOVEMENT. |
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| A structure in the Basal Ganglia that activates Dopamine neurons when someone experiences something PLEASURABLE or REWARDING |
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Definition
| Outer layer of brain tissue which forms the wrinkly bit of the brain. |
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Definition
VISION
in the back of the Cerebral Cortex "opposite the eyes" |
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Definition
Controls sense of TOUCH, motor control, spacial layout of an environment and sensory control.
At the TOP of the Cerebral Cortex (parental lobe)
Left side receives info from right side of the body and vice versa |
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Definition
HEARING and processing auditory information
where the ears are
Includes Amygdala and Hippocampus for MEMORY |
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PROCESSING and PLANNING and MOVEMENT of muscles and MOTIVATION
In the front
Asymmetrical
Determines HANDEDNESS |
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Definition
DECISION MAKING (good/bad), CONSEQUENCES, URGES, ATTENTION, SOCIAL BEHAVIOR and PERSONALITY
Very large in humans
In front of the Frontal Lobe |
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Definition
| Intentionally damaging the Prefrontal Cortex of mental patients, turning them into vegetables. |
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Definition
Brain's capacity to modify itself following damage or development
Brain reorganization |
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Definition
| Study of the structure/function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue and how they relate to behavior and learning |
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Definition
The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system.
All of the nerve cells in the PNS and CNS |
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Definition
Building blocks of internal communication
Basic cell
Receives/sends messages within the Nervous System |
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Definition
| Brnaches that receive messages from other neurons and conduct them to the Soma. |
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Definition
Main body of the neuron
Metabolic center- responsible for life of the cell
Genetic material stored here
Information/ neural impulses processed here |
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Definition
Tail of a neuron
Long tube that carries the neural message to be sent to other neurons |
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A PNS neuron that carries information from the senses to the CNS
Form the Sensory Pathways |
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Definition
A PNS neuron that carries messages from the CNS to the muscles of the body
Form the Motor Pathways |
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Definition
| Neurons that only communicate with other neurons, typically within a specific brain region. |
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Ends of axon
Almost connects with other cells
Messages are transferred via chemicals called Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| End of axon terminals that contain Synaptic Vesicles |
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Definition
| Sac-like structures inside the Synaptic Knob that contain Neurotransmitters |
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Tiny gap Neurotransmitters travel from the Axon Terminal to the Dendrites of the next neuron
Contains extracellular fluid |
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Definition
Fatty coating on Axon
Made of glial cells
Insulates/protects the neural impulse
More Myelin = More Speed |
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Definition
| Small gaps of exposed axon between the segments of Myelin Sheath where Action Potentials are transmitted |
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Definition
| Breakdown of the Myelin Sheath |
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Definition
Electrical signal in the Axon
Triggered when the Soma collects enough "fire" messages from the Dendrites
Positively charged state during the neural impulse
Message is sent completely or not at all
Does not vary in strength or intensity |
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Definition
| Negatively charged state of the neuron when NOT firing a neural impulse |
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Definition
Holes in the surface of the Dendrites (or muscles or glands) of the receiving cell
Shaped to fit a specific Neurotransmitter
A Neurotransmitter is a key, and this is the lock |
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Definition
NT responsible for MOVEMENT
Motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping and dreaming |
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Definition
NT responsible for MOOD
Emotional states, impulsiveness, dreaming |
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| NT responsible for AROUSAL |
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Definition
NT responsible for PLEASURE
Reward, motivation, motor control over voluntary movement |
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Definition
NT responsible for PAIN RELIEF
Reward |
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Term
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Definition
Mimic or enhance the effects of a natural NT on the receptor sites
Examples: Nicotine and Black Widow Spider Venom mimic Acetylcholine
Fit receptor sites closely |
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Definition
Block or reduce a cells response to the action of naturals NT's
Do NOT fit receptor sites well |
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Definition
| Process by which NT's are taken back into the Synaptic Vesicles and out of the Synapse. |
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Definition
| Complex protein that breaks up NT's in the Synapse |
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Definition
Gray, fatty brain cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around
Deliver nutrients to the neurons
Clean up waste products and dead neurons |
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Definition
| Specialized Glial Cells that produce Myelin |
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| A neurological disorder caused by Dopamine depletion marked by tremors. |
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Long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain
Involved in very fast, life saving reflexes |
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Definition
Chains of neurons that systematically send messages back and forth
Each accomplishes a certain job and uses only 1 or 2 NT's |
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Neural "cables" in the PNS containing many Axons
Connect the muscles, glands and sense organs in the PNS to their Soma in the CNS |
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Automatic response to sensory stimuli
Processed in the spinal cord, NOT in the brain
Brain "creates" pain later |
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Definition
| All of the PNS nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary body muscles |
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Definition
PNS nerves that control involuntary muscles, organs, and glands
Divided into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems |
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Definition
"Fight or Flight"
Arouses the body
Go into action when necessary |
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Definition
"Rest and Digest"
Calms the body
Brings systems back to normal |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
Studies brain anatomy
Produces 1 image at high resolution |
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| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
Studies brain function
Creates multiple images at low resolution |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
Reaches about 2-3 cm into the cortex
Activates or knocks out a brain area
Temporary
Doesn't damage patient |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
Voltage recorded on scalp surface
Neurons firing produces an electrical current
Large clusters of these neurons firing can be detected on scalp
Excellent time resolution
Relatively noninvasive |
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Definition
| Study of behavior/mental processes |
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Definition
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Activity of our minds
Very hard to understand |
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Mental processes
Sensations, dreams and feelings |
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| Hormones, nerves and brain activity |
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Definition
Knowledge comes through the senses
Science grows through observation and experiment
Must be verifiable |
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Definition
NOT CAUSATION
Statistical measure
2 Variables
Produce correlation coefficient: direction of relationship (+ or -) and strength of relationship (# from 0 to 1)
Predicts WHAT not WHY |
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Definition
Perceive (create a theory)
Hypothesis (must be testable)
Test (experiment, correlation and observation)
Draw Conclusions
Report, Revise and Replicate |
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| 4 Goals of Psychological Science |
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Definition
Description: What is happening?
Explanation: Why is it happening?
Prediction: When will it happen again?
Control: How can it be changed? |
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| Research--------------Teaching |
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Observing/Classifying behavior
Example: Jane Goodall with the gorillas |
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| Let participants be themselves |
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| Going into a study expecting a certain outcome |
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Relation between 2 variables
Does NOT equal causation |
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