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| a hypothetical mental ability that enabled people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences |
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| a statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical-socioeconomic status age and then multiplying the quotient by 100 |
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| a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100 |
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| a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
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| a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
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psychologist;
developed first intelligence test to determine which students would need remedial education |
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| predicted a child's scholastic performance |
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(Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
2 kinds of tests
12 Sub tests
verbal and arithmetic reasoning |
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3 forms of intelligence
analytical: ability to identify and define problems and define strategies
creative: ability to generate solutions that other people are not
practical: ability to apply and implement these solutions in everyday settings |
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| environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household |
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| environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household |
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| The heritability coefficient |
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| a statistic (commonly denoted as h2) that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup |
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| identical twins; twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm |
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| twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm |
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| the ability to process information |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| the accuracy and amount of information available for processing |
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| Theory of Multiple Intelligences |
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| Howard Gardiner; 7-9 forms of intelligences ;verbal, logical-mathematical, spacial, musical, bodily, intrapersonal, naturalistic, exestintial/ spiritual |
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| Two-factor theory of intelligence |
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| Spearman;theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal |
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| a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity |
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| Multidimensional Scaling of Emotions: |
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Arousal (high - low)
Valence (negative - positive) |
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| an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala |
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| The use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience |
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| a strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus |
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| any observable sign of an emotional state |
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| suggests that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone |
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| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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| hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional expressions can cause the emotional experience they signify |
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| norms for the control of emotional expression |
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| exaggerating the expression of one's emotion |
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| muting the expression of one's emotion |
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| expressing one emotion while feeling another |
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| feeling an emotion but displaying no expression |
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| How would you summarize the research on the usefulness of the lie detector? |
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| Although the polygraph can detect lies at a rate “better than chance” the error rates are dangerously high |
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| The tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state |
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| an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging |
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| an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restrictions of food intake |
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| a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding |
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| A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward |
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| : a motivation of which one is aware of. |
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| a motivation of which one is not aware |
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| a motivation to experience positive outcomes |
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| a motivation not to experience negative outcome |
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| Who was “Adi?” Why is his emotional and social development so interesting? |
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“Adi” was Adolph Hitler
his emotional and social development showed dramatic transformation from childhood to adulthood |
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| the study of continuity and change across the life span |
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| a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg |
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| the 2-week period of prenatal development the begins at conception |
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| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week |
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| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth |
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| the “top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet |
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| the “inside-to-outside” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery |
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| agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses |
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| FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) |
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| developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy |
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| Jean Piaget/Cognitive Development/4 stages |
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Swiss Biologist
cognitive development: the emergence of the ability to understand the world
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage |
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| the notion that the properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance |
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| the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers |
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| the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers |
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| Mary Ainsworth/Strange Situation Test |
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| strange situation test: a behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style |
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| Erik Erikson Social/Emotional Development/8 stages |
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stages characterized by the major task confronting the individual at the stage.
Major task of adolescence was the development of an adult identity
children define themselves in terms of their relationships with parents and siblings
adolescence marks shift in emphasis from family relationships to peer relationships |
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| Socioemotional Selectivity Theory |
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| younger adults are generally oriented toward the acquisition of information that will be useful to them in the future (reading the newspaper), whereas older adults are generally oriented toward information that brings emotional satisfaction in the present (reading novels) |
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Biology plays a key role in determining sexual orientation
Sexual orientation is not a simple matter of choice |
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| an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling |
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| (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory): a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems |
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| (Thematic Apperception Test): a projective personality test which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people. |
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| inkblot test – a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure |
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The five dimensions of personality
traits of the five-factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extroversion |
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| an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, striving, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness -motives that can also produce emotional disorders |
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| Freud’s psychosexual stages |
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| psychosexual stages: distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures |
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| unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unaccepted impulses. |
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a DEFENSE MECHANISM
supplying a reasonable sounding explaintion for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feelings |
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A DEFENSE MECHANISM
attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group |
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A DEFENSE MECHANISM
the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived treat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development |
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| a developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same sex parent |
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| Social Cognitive Approach |
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| an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them |
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| Rotter’s “locus of control” |
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| a person 's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external to the environment |
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| a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits and other personal characteristics |
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| the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self |
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| the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept |
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| People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures |
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| trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others |
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